Respiratory System - E3

Question 1

Respiratory system functions

Answer 1

With cardiovascular system to deliver O2 and remove CO2, as well as modify air, deliver smell, and produce sounds

Question 2

Functional divisions of the respiratory system

Answer 2

Conducting zone (nose to lung)
Respiratory zone (alveoli)

Question 3

Anatomical divisions of the respiratory system

Answer 3

Upper respiratory tract (nose & pharynx)

Lower respiratory tract (everything else)

Question 4

External nose

Answer 4

formed by nasal & maxilla bones, and hyaline cartilage
L and R nares (nostrils)
L and R vestibules (strat. squamosal epi.)

Question 5

Internal nose

Answer 5

3 pairs of meatuses formed by 3 pairs of conchae
Pseudo strat. columnar epi.
L and R posterior nasal apertures act as funnel

Question 6

Role of conchae

Answer 6

increase surface area of nose to clean, warm, and moisten air; very vascular
Have erectile tissue that allow for that swelling

Question 7

Alternate names for conchae and posterior nasal apertures

Answer 7

turbinates and choanae, respectively

Question 8

Three divisions of the pharynx

Answer 8

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx (bifids into larynx and esophagus)

Question 9

Tissue components of the three divisions of the pharynx

Answer 9

nasopharynx - pseudostrat. ciliated col. epi.
oropharynx - strat. squamosal epi.
laryngopharynx - strat. squamosal epi.

Question 10

Boundaries and components of the nasopharynx

Answer 10

posterior nares to uvula

auditory tubes, tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

Question 11

Boundaries and components of the oropharynx

Answer 11

uvula to tip of epiglottis
oral cavity (lingual or palatine tonsils)

Question 12

Boundaries and components of the laryngopharynx

Answer 12

tip of epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

bifids into larynx and esophagus

Question 13

Larynx

Answer 13

voice box
1. epiglottis - leaf shaped
2. thyroid - shield shaped
3. cricoid - ring shaped
(2) pairs of folds
1. vestibular folds - false vocal cords
2. vocal cords - true vocal cords
Glottis = vocal cords+space between them

Question 14

Tissue components of larynx

Answer 14

Superiorly - strat. squamosal epi.

Inferiorly - pseudo strat. ciliated col. epi.

Question 15

Larynx when swallowing

Answer 15

1. larynx rises
2. epiglottis hinges down
3. vestibular folds close glottis
   Thereby, we don’t breathe in food

Question 16

Trachea location and components

Answer 16

anterior to esophagus
tubular passage of C-shaped cartilaginous rings
lined w/pseudostrat. ciliated col. epi. 
trachealis muscle
outer layer is an adventitia

Question 17

Trachealis muscle

Answer 17

smooth muscle and elastic c.t. that holds ends of the “C” together

Question 18

Why C-shaped cartilaginous rings for trachea

Answer 18

1. Maintains patency of tube (openness)
2. allows of expansion of esophagus
3. allows adjustment of tracheal diameter

Question 19

Bronchial tree

Answer 19

Trachea
L/R main bronchi (enter lungs)
Lobar bronchi (1/lobe ea. lung; 3 lobes/R, 2 lobes/L)
Segmental bronchi (supply bronchopulmonary seg.)
Bronchioles (1st location w/o cartilage)
Terminal bronchioles (end of conducting zone)
Respiratory bronchioles (still cuboidal/smooth muscle)
Alveolar duct (alveolus and alveolar sacs)

Question 20

What happens as you move “down” the bronchial tree

Answer 20

diameter, cartilage decrease
smooth muscle increases
epithelium chnaged to non-cilitated simple cuboidal

Question 21

What does nicotine do?

Answer 21

paralyzes cilia, constricts smooth muscle, decreases diameter of bronchioles, increases mucus production

Question 22

Tissue component of alveoli

Answer 22

simple squamosal epithelium and no smooth muscle
type I are the site of gas exchange
type II outnumber type I secrete surfactant
Alveolar macrophages to eat pathogens

Question 23

Type II alveolar cells

Answer 23

have microvilli

secrete surfactant to avoid collapse and repair damage

Question 24

Alveolus “jacket”

Answer 24

dense capillary network

Question 25

6 layers from alveoli to capillary

Answer 25

1. Surfactant 2. Type I alveolar cells 3. squamous cell basement membrane 4. Interstitial space 5. Capillary basement membrane 6. Capillary endothelial cell

Question 26

Tissue component of basement membranes

Answer 26

areolar connective tissue

Question 27

Tissue component of interstitial space

Answer 27

dense, irregular connective tissue

Question 28

What is each lobe divided into | What is each bronchopulmonary segment divided into

Answer 28

bronchopulmonary segments | pulmonary lobules

Question 29

Functions of the lungs

Answer 29

reduce friction create pressure gradient compartmentalization against pathogens

Question 30

Boyle's Law

Answer 30

increase volume, decrease pressure | decrease volume, increase pressure

Question 31

Normal inspiration

Answer 31

diaphragm contracts | ribs angle parallel

Question 32

Normal expiration

Answer 32

diaphragm relaxes | elastic c.t. returns lung and thorax to original volume

Question 33

Forceful expiration

Answer 33

internal intercostals contract - lower ribs more/fast | abdominal muscles contract - raise diaphragm more/fast