Special Senses - E4

Question 1

What is..
gustation
olfaction
the vomeronasal organ (VNO)

Answer 1

eating
smelling
phermones

Question 2

Cell types of gustation areas

Answer 2

all epithelial cells
1. gustatory cells: receptor cells w/short lifespan; have gustatory hairs that protrude into taste pores

2. supporting cells
3. basal cells: generate new gustatory cells

Question 3

Dendrites from which CN are in the gustation areas

Answer 3

CN VII, IX, X

synapse at base of gustatory cells

Question 4

Location of olfaction epithelia

Answer 4

superior nasal septum and concha

Question 5

Cell types of olfaction areas

Answer 5

1. Olfactory sensory neurons
2. supporting cells
3. olfactory stem cells

Question 6

olfactory sensory neuron polarity

Answer 6

bipolar

Question 7

axons from the olfactory neurons form what CN?

Answer 7

CN I-Olfactory

Question 8

Vomeronasal organ

Answer 8

VNO
2 small, cigar-shaped sacs on either side of nasal septum
receptor cells that are bipolar neurons with microvilli
detect phermones
humans do not have the pathway to utilize this organ

Question 9

What are..
palpebrae
bulbars

Answer 9

eyelids

eyeballs

Question 10

Muscles for eyelids

Answer 10

orbicularis oculi - closes

levator palpebrae superioris - opens

Question 11

conjuctiva

Answer 11

mucous membrane lining the palpebrae and bulbar

Question 12

lacrimal apparatus

Answer 12

tear production via lacrimal gland

tears drain medially via nasolacrimal duct into nasal cavity

Question 13

names and cranial nerves associated with the extrinsic eye muscles

Answer 13

1. Lateral rectus: VI-Abducens
2. Superior oblique & Trochlea: IV-Trochlear
3. medial rectus
4. superior rectus
5. inferior rectus
6. inferior oblique
   3-6: III-Oculomotor

Question 14

3 layers of the bulbar from outermost to innermost

Answer 14

1. Fibrous layer
2. Vascular layer
3. Inner Layer

Question 15

Fibrous layer of the eyeball

Answer 15

Sclera is posterior 5/6; fibrous c.t. maintains focus length

Cornea is anterior 1/6; avascular curvature helps focus light

Question 16

Vascular layer of the eyeball

Answer 16

Choroid is the dark, vascular membrane lining sclera that absorbs light

Ciliary body is composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes

Iris is the anterior colored flap from ciliary body that defines the pupil

Question 17

ciliary muscle

Answer 17

anterior ring which alters lens thickness for focusing

Question 18

ciliary processes

Answer 18

vascular projections that secrete aqueous humor

Question 19

pupillary constrictor

Answer 19

circular muscle (smooth) that makes the pupil smaller in the parasympathetic response

Question 20

pupillary dilator

Answer 20

radial muscle (myoepithelial cells) that dilate the pupil in the sympathetic response

Question 21

Innermost layer of the eyeball

AKA nervous layer

Answer 21

known as the retina

lines posterior 2/3

Question 22

Neural portion of the retina

Answer 22

photoreceptor layer has the rods and cones

ganglion cell layer has the axons from CNII

Question 23

Rods vs cones

Answer 23

rods are black and white pigments

cones are colored pigments

Question 24

macula lutea and fovea centralis

Answer 24

pigmented center of the retina

fovea centralis is the depression in center of macula, with the sharpest visual acuity

Question 25

Optic disc

Answer 25

"blind spot" | point of exit of CN II

Question 26

anterior and posterior segment of interior eyeball

Answer 26

anterior segment has aqueous humor that is split into anterior chamber (absorbs humor) and posterior chamber (produces humor) posterior segment has vitreous humor

Question 27

Ciliary zonule

Answer 27

suspensory ligament that holds the lens in position

Question 28

Visual pathway to the cerebral cortex

Answer 28

1. optic nerves 2. optic chiasma 3. optic tracts 4. thalamus 5. cerebrum

Question 29

2 special senses of the ear

Answer 29

conduction of waves for balance and hearing

Question 30

Outer ear function

Answer 30

to collect and direct sound waves

Question 31

Outer ear parts

Answer 31

1. Pinna (auricle) - elastic cartilage and skin | 2. External acoustic meatus (auditory canal) - skin-lined body tunnel w/hair, ceruminous and sebaceous glands

Question 32

Middle ear functions

Answer 32

equalize pressure | transfer sound waves to inner ear

Question 33

Tympanic membrane

Answer 33

ear drum separates the outer ear from the middle ear thin partition of fibrous c.t.

Question 34

ossicles of the middle ear

Answer 34

1. malleous (hammer) 2. incus (anvil) 3. stapes (stirrup)

Question 35

skeletal muscles of the middle ear

Answer 35

1. tensor tympani - tenses tympanic membrane 2. stapedius - limits movement of stapes both help to dampen vibrations

Question 36

Structures of the inner ear

Answer 36

1. Bony labyrinth (petrous portion of temporal bone) 2. Membranous labyrinth (fluid-filled) that is w/i the bony labyrinth 3. Perilymph is outside of the membranous labyrinth 4. Endolymph is inside the membranous labyrinth

Question 37

These bony labyrinth structures contain what membranous labyrinth structures 1. semicircular canals 2. vestibule 3. cochlea

Answer 37

1. semicircular ducts 2. utricle and saccule 3. cochlear duct

Question 38

Hairs cells in the ampulla of semicircular ducts are stimulated by _____ and detect _______

Answer 38

changes in rate and direction of movement (angular acceleration) dynamic equilibrium

Question 39

Hair cells in the macula of utricle and saccule are stimulated by _____ and detect ______

Answer 39

gravity and linear acceleration static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium

Question 40

Hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti in cochlear duct are stimulated by _______ and detect _______

Answer 40

air vibrations sound

Question 41

oval window vs round window

Answer 41

both are thin, bony partitions that separate inner and middle ear oval window is what the stapes fills round window dissipates pressure and is covered by the secondary tympanic membrane

Question 42

Path of sound vibrations

Answer 42

1. pinna 2. external acoustic meatus 3. tympanic membrane 4. malleous 5. incus 6. stapes 7. oval window 8. bony labyrinth 9. membranous labyrinth 10. hair receptor cells 11. CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear