cerebellum

Question 1

What structure covers the cerebellum?

Answer 1

The tentorium cerebelli.

Question 2

Where is the cerebellum located?

Answer 2

In the posterior cranial fossa.

Question 3

What is the largest part of the hindbrain?

Answer 3

The cerebellum.

Question 4

Which structures lie in front of the cerebellum?

Answer 4

The fourth ventricle, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Question 5

.

Answer 5

.

Question 6

What connects the two cerebellar hemispheres?

Answer 6

The narrow median vermis.

Question 7

What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?

Answer 7

Three pairs of cerebellar peduncles.

Question 8

Name the three cerebellar peduncles.

Answer 8

1. Superior cerebellar peduncles
2. Middle cerebellar peduncles
3. Inferior cerebellar peduncles

Question 9

How many lobes does the cerebellum have?

Answer 9

Three lobes.

Question 10

Name the three lobes of the cerebellum.

Answer 10

1. Anterior lobe
2. Middle (posterior) lobe
3. Flo(cculo)nodular lobe

Question 11

Which fissure separates the anterior lobe from the middle lobe?

Answer 11

The primary fissure.

Question 12

Which is the largest lobe of the cerebellum?

Answer 12

The middle (posterior) lobe.

Question 13

Where is the flocculonodular lobe located?

Answer 13

Behind the uvulonodular fissure.

Question 14

What divides the cerebellum into superior and inferior surfaces?

Answer 14

The deep horizontal fissure.

Question 15

What are the two main components of the cerebellum?

Answer 15

1. Outer gray matter (cerebellar cortex)
2. Inner white matter with embedded nuclei

Question 16

What are folia in the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 16

Coronal/transverse folds in the cerebellar cortex.

Question 17

What are the two components of each folium?

Answer 17

1. Core of white matter
2. Superficial gray matter

Question 18

What is the branched tree-like appearance of the cerebellum in midline section?

Answer 18

The arbor vitae.

Question 19

How many layers does the cerebellar cortex have?

Answer 19

Three layers.

Question 20

Name the three layers of the cerebellar cortex.

Answer 20

1. Molecular layer (outer)
2. Purkinje cell layer (middle)
3. Granular layer (inner)

Question 21

What are the two types of neurons in the molecular layer?

Answer 21

1. Stellate cells (outer)
2. Basket cells (inner)

Question 22

What structures are found in the molecular layer?

Answer 22

1. Dendritic arborizations
2. parallel fibers
3. scattered neuroglial cells.

Question 23

What type of neurons are found in the Purkinje cell layer?

Answer 23

A single row of large, flask-shaped Purkinje neurons.

Question 24

Where do Purkinje cell dendrites extend?

Answer 24

Into the molecular layer, branching profusely.

Question 25

Where do Purkinje cell axons go?

Answer 25

Through the granular layer into the white matter, synapsing with intracerebellar nuclei.

Question 26

Where do some Purkinje axons bypass the cerebellar nuclei?

Answer 26

They synapse directly in the vestibular nuclei.

Question 27

What type of neurons are in the granular layer?

Answer 27

Numerous small **granule** cells.

Question 28

Describe the dendrites of granule cells.

Answer 28

They have multiple dendrites forming claw-like endings.

Question 29

What do granule cell axons form in the molecular layer?

Answer 29

Parallel fibers that synapse with Purkinje dendrites.

Question 30

What type of interneurons are scattered throughout the granular layer?

Answer 30

Golgi cells.

Question 31

Which cerebellar region controls midline structures?

Answer 31

The vermis.

Question 32

Which body regions does the vermis control?

Answer 32

The neck, shoulders, thorax, abdomen, and hips.

Question 33

Which cerebellar zone controls distal limb muscles?

Answer 33

The intermediate zone.

Question 34

Which cerebellar zone is involved in movement planning and correction?

Answer 34

The lateral zone.

Question 35

How many pairs of intracerebellar nuclei are there?

Answer 35

Four pairs.

Question 36

List the intracerebellar nuclei from lateral to medial.

Answer 36

1. Dentate nucleus 2. Emboliform nucleus 3. Globose nucleus 4. Fastigial nucleus

Question 37

Which is the largest intracerebellar nucleus?

Answer 37

The dentate nucleus.

Question 38

What is the shape of the dentate nucleus?

Answer 38

A crumpled bag.

Question 39

Which cerebellar nucleus lies medial to the dentate nucleus?

Answer 39

The emboliform nucleus.

Question 40

What is the shape of the emboliform nucleus?

Answer 40

Oval.

Question 41

Which nucleus is medial to the emboliform nucleus?

Answer 41

The globose nucleus.

Question 42

What is the shape of the globose nucleus?

Answer 42

Rounded clusters of cells.

Question 43

Which intracerebellar nucleus is closest to the midline?

Answer 43

The fastigial nucleus.

Question 44

Where is the fastigial nucleus located?

Answer 44

Near the midline, close to the fourth ventricle.

Question 45

What type of neurons make up the intracerebellar nuclei?

Answer 45

Large multipolar neurons with simple branching dendrites.

Question 46

Where do intracerebellar nuclear axons project?

Answer 46

To the brainstem and spinal cord.

Question 47

What are the three types of fibers in the cerebellar white matter?

Answer 47

1. Intrinsic fibers 2. Afferent fibers 3. Efferent fibers

Question 48

What is the function of intrinsic cerebellar fibers?

Answer 48

They stay within the cerebellum and connect different regions.

Question 49

What is the function of afferent cerebellar fibers?

Answer 49

They carry sensory input to the cerebellar cortex.

Question 50

Through which peduncles do most afferent fibers enter?

Answer 50

The inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles.

Question 51

What is the function of efferent cerebellar fibers?

Answer 51

They carry output signals from the cerebellum.

Question 52

Where do efferent cerebellar fibers originate?

Answer 52

Purkinje cell axons.

Question 53

Which nuclei send efferent fibers through the superior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 53

The dentate, emboliform, and globose nuclei.

Question 54

Which nucleus sends efferent fibers through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 54

The fastigial nucleus.

Question 55

What are the two main excitatory inputs to the cerebellum?

Answer 55

1. Climbing fibers 2. Mossy fibers

Question 56

Where do climbing fibers originate?

Answer 56

The olivocerebellar tract.

Question 57

What is the function of climbing fibers?

Answer 57

They wrap around Purkinje cell dendrites and make multiple synapses.

Question 58

How many climbing fibers synapse on a single Purkinje cell?

Answer 58

Only one.

Question 59

How many Purkinje cells can a single climbing fiber connect to?

Answer 59

1–10 Purkinje cells.

Question 60

Where do mossy fibers originate?

Answer 60

All cerebellar afferent tracts except the olivocerebellar tract.

Question 61

What is the function of mossy fibers?

Answer 61

They create a diffuse excitatory effect by stimulating granule cells.

Question 62

What are the three main sources of afferent fibers to the cerebellum?

Answer 62

1. Cerebral cortex 2. Spinal cord 3. Vestibular nerve

Question 63

Which neurotransmitter do climbing and mossy fibers use?

Answer 63

Glutamate.

Question 64

Which neurotransmitters modify glutamate’s effects on Purkinje cells?

Answer 64

Norepinephrine and serotonin.

Question 65

What is the primary function of Purkinje cells?

Answer 65

To send inhibitory signals to intracerebellar nuclei.

Question 66

What are the four primary types of input the cerebellum receives for motor control?

Answer 66

1. Cerebral cortex 2. Proprioception 3. Vestibular system 4. Tectum

Question 67

How does the cerebellum refine movement?

Answer 67

It adjusts motor commands to inhibit agonist muscles, stimulate antagonist muscles, and control precision.