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Cerebral cortex- cells to function Flashcards

1
Q

do humans have unipolar cells

A

no

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2
Q

where does action potential get triggered

A

axon hillock

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3
Q

classify neurons into number of processes they have

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
pseudo-unipolar cells (start as bipolar then fuse), peripheral and central process- looks like uni polar

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4
Q

where do you find bipolar nerve cells

A

special sense organs- SENSORY
ears, eyes, nose

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5
Q

what is the commonest type of neuron in cns

A

multipolar neuron

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6
Q

what does it mean if the neurons have short axon vs long axon

A

short axon- local processing
long axon- sending info to another region/ long way

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7
Q

what type of multipolar cell has a long axon

A

pyramidal cells
send info from cerrebral cortex

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8
Q

what type of neuron has short axons

A

interneuron
for local processing

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9
Q

what does oligodendrocyte mean

A

few process cell
one cell connects to multiple axons
multiple internodes for different axons.

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10
Q

what happens to the unmyelinated axons

A

PNS- schwann cells envelope unmyelinated axons- containing 1 or more axons
CNS- no embedding or association with glial cells

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11
Q

what are examples of unmyelinated axons

A

sensory fibres carrying pain, temperature, itch

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12
Q

what kind of conduction do unmyelinated axons have

A

continuous conduction of AP due to passive current flow.

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13
Q

what is a demylinating type disorder

A

multiple sclerosis

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14
Q

what are the glial cells of the cns

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependyma

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15
Q

what are the glial cells of PNS

A

schwann cells
satellite cells

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16
Q

do astrocytes form the blood brain barrier

A

no

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17
Q

describe the difference found in white vs grey matter astrocytes

A

white matter- fibrous
grey matter- protoplasmic (more blobby lol)

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18
Q

describe astrocytes

A

star like
control water distribution
potassium buffering (K+ in AP regulated via astrocytes)
Reactive oxygen species scavenging (bad things that cause stress and cell death)
define architecture of brain (strong rope like filaments)
regulate migration/ pruning/ synaptogenesis
maintain BBB
build scar tissue

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19
Q

what is the bbb composed of

A

endothelial cells and their tight junctions

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20
Q

astrocytes and bbb

A

maintain cells that make BBB
integrity highly dependent on astrocyte end feet

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21
Q

describe microglial cells

A

phagocytosis and antigen presentation (immune response)
synaptic pruning
(blobs lol)

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22
Q

describe ependymal cells

A

they line the ventricles and tubular systems
they are ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells
secrete CSF and reabsorb CSF

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23
Q

how is CSF produced

A

produced in specialised ependyma on choroid plexus

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24
Q

how many layers does the cerebral cortex have

A

6

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25
what are the limited areas of lamination
3 and 4 layers (older evolutionary)
26
what are layer 2 and 4 used for what is between these layers
layer 2 and 4 are involved in input within the layers there are stellate interneurons granular layers contain the interneurons have internal and external granular layers
27
what do layers 3 and 5 do
sending info out OUTPUT contain pyramidal layers (external and internal) external- are local communication internal- sending info far!
28
are there more pyramidal cells in the motor cortex
yes because sending info out! vice versa for sensory cortex
29
what is the strip of high density found in layer 4
stria of Gennari huge input from outside to INTERNAL GRANULAR LAYER- visible with naked eye Internal means FAR runs parallel to cerebral cortex
30
what are the Brodmann areas
created a map that shows subtle differences in structure- was done via histology turns out it relates CLOSELY to function
31
what are some way to map the brain
disease, damage effects fMRI PET electrical stimulation (during surgery)
32
what does fMRI stand for
functional MRI
33
What are association cortexes give an example
do much more complicated things than the primary areas bigger next door for example primary visual cortex within occipital lobe--> also had motion, object recognition, depth, binocular, patterns near primary motor cortex association cortex for vision= all of occipital lobe plus more (sensory cortex!!)
34
what is the dorsal stream
The dorsal stream, or where pathway, describes a hierarchy of areas that support visually-guided behaviors and localizing objects in space.
35
what is prosopagnosia
inability to recognise faces
36
what causes prosopagnosia
damage to fusiform gyrus area 37
37
what happens when there is damage to the dorsal stream area
optic ataxia
38
what happens when there is damage to the ventral stream area
prosopagnosia
39
is vision processed outside the occipital lobe
yes use sensory cortex as well it flows therefore--> dorsal stream.
40
where are faces recognised
temporal lobe
41
what does association area do
integrate, processing of cognate primary cortex info two types- unimodal (processing one type on input) and polymodal (vision and sensory mixing) becomes mixed further away (touching, vision, reacting, motor) therefore integrating eg. a reaching movement
42
what does dorsal stream do
vision for ACTION /movement integrate motion vs object locations coordinate visual guided action for skilled movements guides visual attention
43
what does ventral stream do
vision perception RECOGNITION recognition infero-temporal cortex distinguishes spatial patterns, objects and faces stores visual memory recognises significance of objects and faces
44
why are some areas enlarged in homunculus
lots of sensory and motor and therefore fine movement hand and face lips tongue
45
what are the motor association cortex regions
1. supplementary motor area in longitudinal fissure PLANNING COMPLEX TASKS 2. premotor cortex PREPARING FOR ACTION (posture and gait, spatial info) 3. posterior parietal cortex INTEGRATING SENSORY TO MAKE MOTOR COMMANDS
46
what is the relation between primary somatosensory cortex and central sulcus
further towards asxociation cortex- more complex
47
what are the somatosensory cortexes and what do they do
inferior parietal lobule superior parietal lobule awareness/perception in space, rearrangement of memories, organising grasping movements, number processing, MIRROR NEURONS FOUND HERE
48
what happens if there is damage ti the inferior parietal lobule
contralateral neglect astereognosis
49
what happens if there is damage to the superior parietal lobule
optic ataxia- problems with visuomotor integration
50
what are the features of frontal lobe damage
personality changes deficits in planning perseveration primitive reflexes abulia
51
what is the function of prefrontal lobes
contributes to attention morality planning working memory conscious decision making social behaviour regulation
52
what is expressive aphasia
cant express words, but can understand
53
how do you get expressive aphasia
damage to brocas area
54
what is wernicke area used for
comprehension speech not execution
55
where are brocas and wernickes area near
near primary auditory area
56
what is receptive aphasia
unable to understand/ generate meaningful language
57
what is conduction aphasia and what causes it
difficulty repeating words damage of arcuate fasiculus (association bundle that connects Wernicks and Brocas areas)- two areas cant communicate
58
what percent of people have a dominant left hemisphere
96% other 4 normally has damage
59
hemisphers are specialised how?
left mostly dominant left- language and calculation right- drawing, music, spatial perception found out during corpus callosum cutting
60
why cut corpus callosum in bad epilepsy
stop electrical activity of brain spreading
61
what is the feels the key experiement
cant transfer info to other side recognition happens but word formation cant happen
62
what does dti do
trace white matter and therfore communication pathways.
63
what is commissural , association and projection communication
1. cortex to cortex over midline 2. cortex to cortex "stay" on same side 3. communicate with other structures inside and outside the brain
64
two ways to test specialisation of hemispheres?
feel the keys experiment touch the finger test

Medicine (54 decks)

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