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Medicine > Cerebral cortex- cells to function > Flashcards

Cerebral cortex- cells to function Flashcards

1
Q

do humans have unipolar cells

A

no

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2
Q

where does action potential get triggered

A

axon hillock

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3
Q

classify neurons into number of processes they have

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
pseudo-unipolar cells (start as bipolar then fuse), peripheral and central process- looks like uni polar

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4
Q

where do you find bipolar nerve cells

A

special sense organs- SENSORY
ears, eyes, nose

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5
Q

what is the commonest type of neuron in cns

A

multipolar neuron

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6
Q

what does it mean if the neurons have short axon vs long axon

A

short axon- local processing
long axon- sending info to another region/ long way

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7
Q

what type of multipolar cell has a long axon

A

pyramidal cells
send info from cerrebral cortex

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8
Q

what type of neuron has short axons

A

interneuron
for local processing

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9
Q

what does oligodendrocyte mean

A

few process cell
one cell connects to multiple axons
multiple internodes for different axons.

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10
Q

what happens to the unmyelinated axons

A

PNS- schwann cells envelope unmyelinated axons- containing 1 or more axons
CNS- no embedding or association with glial cells

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11
Q

what are examples of unmyelinated axons

A

sensory fibres carrying pain, temperature, itch

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12
Q

what kind of conduction do unmyelinated axons have

A

continuous conduction of AP due to passive current flow.

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13
Q

what is a demylinating type disorder

A

multiple sclerosis

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14
Q

what are the glial cells of the cns

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependyma

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15
Q

what are the glial cells of PNS

A

schwann cells
satellite cells

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16
Q

do astrocytes form the blood brain barrier

A

no

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17
Q

describe the difference found in white vs grey matter astrocytes

A

white matter- fibrous
grey matter- protoplasmic (more blobby lol)

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18
Q

describe astrocytes

A

star like
control water distribution
potassium buffering (K+ in AP regulated via astrocytes)
Reactive oxygen species scavenging (bad things that cause stress and cell death)
define architecture of brain (strong rope like filaments)
regulate migration/ pruning/ synaptogenesis
maintain BBB
build scar tissue

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19
Q

what is the bbb composed of

A

endothelial cells and their tight junctions

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20
Q

astrocytes and bbb

A

maintain cells that make BBB
integrity highly dependent on astrocyte end feet

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21
Q

describe microglial cells

A

phagocytosis and antigen presentation (immune response)
synaptic pruning
(blobs lol)

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22
Q

describe ependymal cells

A

they line the ventricles and tubular systems
they are ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells
secrete CSF and reabsorb CSF

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23
Q

how is CSF produced

A

produced in specialised ependyma on choroid plexus

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24
Q

how many layers does the cerebral cortex have

A

6

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25
Q

what are the limited areas of lamination

A

3 and 4 layers (older evolutionary)

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26
Q

what are layer 2 and 4 used for
what is between these layers

A

layer 2 and 4 are involved in input
within the layers there are stellate interneurons
granular layers contain the interneurons
have internal and external granular layers

27
Q

what do layers 3 and 5 do

A

sending info out OUTPUT
contain pyramidal layers (external and internal)
external- are local communication
internal- sending info far!

28
Q

are there more pyramidal cells in the motor cortex

A

yes because sending info out!
vice versa for sensory cortex

29
Q

what is the strip of high density found in layer 4

A

stria of Gennari
huge input from outside to INTERNAL GRANULAR LAYER- visible with naked eye
Internal means FAR
runs parallel to cerebral cortex

30
Q

what are the Brodmann areas

A

created a map that shows subtle differences in structure- was done via histology
turns out it relates CLOSELY to function

31
Q

what are some way to map the brain

A

disease, damage effects
fMRI
PET
electrical stimulation (during surgery)

32
Q

what does fMRI stand for

A

functional MRI

33
Q

What are association cortexes
give an example

A

do much more complicated things than the primary areas
bigger
next door
for example primary visual cortex within occipital lobe–> also had motion, object recognition, depth, binocular, patterns near primary motor cortex
association cortex for vision= all of occipital lobe plus more (sensory cortex!!)

34
Q

what is the dorsal stream

A

The dorsal stream, or where pathway, describes a hierarchy of areas that support visually-guided behaviors and localizing objects in space.

35
Q

what is prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognise faces

36
Q

what causes prosopagnosia

A

damage to fusiform gyrus area 37

37
Q

what happens when there is damage to the dorsal stream area

A

optic ataxia

38
Q

what happens when there is damage to the ventral stream area

A

prosopagnosia

39
Q

is vision processed outside the occipital lobe

A

yes
use sensory cortex as well
it flows therefore–> dorsal stream.

40
Q

where are faces recognised

A

temporal lobe

41
Q

what does association area do

A

integrate, processing of cognate primary cortex info
two types- unimodal (processing one type on input) and polymodal (vision and sensory mixing)
becomes mixed further away (touching, vision, reacting, motor) therefore integrating eg. a reaching movement

42
Q

what does dorsal stream do

A

vision for ACTION /movement
integrate motion vs object locations
coordinate visual guided action for skilled movements
guides visual attention

43
Q

what does ventral stream do

A

vision perception RECOGNITION
recognition infero-temporal cortex
distinguishes spatial patterns, objects and faces
stores visual memory
recognises significance of objects and faces

44
Q

why are some areas enlarged in homunculus

A

lots of sensory and motor and therefore fine movement
hand and face
lips tongue

45
Q

what are the motor association cortex regions

A
  1. supplementary motor area in longitudinal fissure PLANNING COMPLEX TASKS
  2. premotor cortex PREPARING FOR ACTION (posture and gait, spatial info)
  3. posterior parietal cortex INTEGRATING SENSORY TO MAKE MOTOR COMMANDS
46
Q

what is the relation between primary somatosensory cortex and central sulcus

A

further towards asxociation cortex- more complex

47
Q

what are the somatosensory cortexes
and what do they do

A

inferior parietal lobule
superior parietal lobule
awareness/perception in space, rearrangement of memories, organising grasping movements, number processing, MIRROR NEURONS FOUND HERE

48
Q

what happens if there is damage ti the inferior parietal lobule

A

contralateral neglect
astereognosis

49
Q

what happens if there is damage to the superior parietal lobule

A

optic ataxia- problems with visuomotor integration

50
Q

what are the features of frontal lobe damage

A

personality changes
deficits in planning
perseveration
primitive reflexes
abulia

51
Q

what is the function of prefrontal lobes

A

contributes to attention
morality
planning
working memory
conscious decision making
social behaviour regulation

52
Q

what is expressive aphasia

A

cant express words, but can understand

53
Q

how do you get expressive aphasia

A

damage to brocas area

54
Q

what is wernicke area used for

A

comprehension speech
not execution

55
Q

where are brocas and wernickes area near

A

near primary auditory area

56
Q

what is receptive aphasia

A

unable to understand/ generate meaningful language

57
Q

what is conduction aphasia and what causes it

A

difficulty repeating words
damage of arcuate fasiculus (association bundle that connects Wernicks and Brocas areas)- two areas cant communicate

58
Q

what percent of people have a dominant left hemisphere

A

96%
other 4 normally has damage

59
Q

hemisphers are specialised how?

A

left mostly dominant
left- language and calculation
right- drawing, music, spatial perception
found out during corpus callosum cutting

60
Q

why cut corpus callosum in bad epilepsy

A

stop electrical activity of brain spreading

61
Q

what is the feels the key experiement

A

cant transfer info to other side
recognition happens but word formation cant happen

62
Q

what does dti do

A

trace white matter and therfore communication pathways.

63
Q

what is commissural , association and projection communication

A
  1. cortex to cortex over midline
  2. cortex to cortex “stay” on same side
  3. communicate with other structures inside and outside the brain
64
Q

two ways to test specialisation of hemispheres?

A

feel the keys experiment
touch the finger test

Medicine (54 decks)

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