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Skull Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the skull

A

bony skeleton- closed boc
houses brain, organs of special sense, upper parts or resp and gi systems

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2
Q

what kind of movement does the skull have

A

restricted, except tmj and atlanto-occipital joint

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3
Q

how many layers does the scalp have

A

5
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose areolar tissue
Periosteum

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4
Q

what is the function of the skull

A

protects brain, brainstem, cranial nerves, vasculature
muscle attachment
framework for head
individual identity

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5
Q

what kind of bones does the skull have

A

flat and irregular
pneumatised

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6
Q

what is the point of pneumatised bones and give examples

A

have air spaces
reduce weight and add resonance to voice

ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, temporal

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7
Q

how do flat smooth bones form

A

by intramembranous ossification

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8
Q

how do irregular bones form

A

endochondral ossification

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9
Q

how many bones does the neurocranium have

A

8
frontal
parietal x2
occipital
sphenoid
temporal x2
ethmoid

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10
Q

how many bones does the viscerocranium have

A

15
ethmoid
palatine x2
zygomatic x2
maxilla x2
mandible
lacrimal x2
nasal x2
inferior nasal concha x2
vomer

3 single

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11
Q

what travels through the stylomastoid foramen

A

facial nerve

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12
Q

how many bones in he calvarium (skull cap)

A

4
fused by sutures

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13
Q

what is the superior sagittal sinus and what is found around it

A

superior sagittal sinus is a vein (carries venous blood) found in calvarium
originate from root of nose
on either side there are GRANULAR FOVEOLAE
arachnoid granulations, which absorb csf and pass into superior sagittal sinus to be drained

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14
Q

what are the parts of the L -shaped occipital bone

A

flat
squamous
irregular part

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15
Q

what do neck muscles attach to (occipital bone)

A

superior nuchal line

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16
Q

what is the midpoint of superior nuchal line

A

INION

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17
Q

what is the piriform aperture the entrance for

A

piriform aperture is entrance of nasal and oral cavity

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18
Q

where do branches of the trigeminal nerve CNV go through

A

opthalmic branch
maxillary branch
mandibular branch

supra-orbital notch
infra-orbital foramen
mental foramen

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19
Q

what is the pterygoid process

A

feet of sphenoid bone
with laminar- medial and lateral plate

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20
Q

what passes through the foramen magnum

A

spinal cord vertebral arteries

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21
Q

what forms jugular foramen

A

joint of temporal bones and occipital bone
2 jugular notches join together

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22
Q

what passes through jugular foramen

A

internal jugular vein
9,10,11 xn

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23
Q

what passes through hypoglossal canal

A

12th cranial nerve

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24
Q

what passes through carotid canal

A

internal carotid artery

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25
what passes through foramen ovale
third division of trigeminal nerve
26
what passes through foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery
27
what are fontanelles
gaps, sutures are not yet ossified covered in skin and cartilage ANTERIOR and PSTERIOR found in infants moulding of cranial shape during birth allows brain to grow also makes vaginal delivery easier if big baby
28
what kind of join is a suture
fibrous joint SYNARTHROSIS limited/no movement
29
what does a bulge in the fontanelles mean what does a depression in the fontanelles mean is a pulsation normal?
1. increased intracranial pressure 2. dehydration 3. yes it is due to the superior sagittal sinus
30
what are craniometric points
used by radiologists/surgeons as reference points
31
what is pterion
craniometric point this area is weak (4 bones joined together) if fracture can cause rapture of MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY (branch of maxillary artery- pass through spinosum foramen) gives off branches just deep to pterion. ==EPIDURAL HAEMATOMA
32
what is the surface anatomy of pterion
4cm superior to midpoint of zygomatic arch 3cm posterior to frontal process of zygomatic bone
33
what forms the orbit
frontal lacrimal ethmoid maxilla zygomatic sphenoid (greater wing) palentine
34
what does the superior orbital fissure transmit
eyeball lacrimal nerve frontal nerve superior ophthalmic vein nasociliary nerve oculomotor nerve abducens nerve trochlear nerve last three are for eye muscles
35
what are the gateways of the orbit
superior orbital fissure inferior orbital fissure infraorbital foramen optic foramen allows structures to enter and exit orbit connection between orbit and middle cranial fossa
36
what does the inferior orbital fissure transmit
zygomatic branch of maxillary nerve infraorbital nerve inferior ophthalmic vein sympathetic nerve connection between orbit and pterygopalatine fossa
37
what surrounds temporal fossa
superior and inferior temporal lines
38
discuss temporalis muscle and masseter
temporalis muscle attaches to the inferior temporal line and attaches to coronoid process (fascia attaches to superior line) during contraction mandible is elevated and retracted masseter on lateral side of angle of mandible
39
what are the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa
Laterally ramus of mandible Medially lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone Anteriorly posterior aspect of maxilla Posteriorly tympanic plate, mastoid and styloid process Superiorly infratemporal crest of sphenoid bone inferiorly angle of mandible
40
what does the infratemporal fossa communicate with
communicates with pterygopalatine fossa medially
41
where is the retromandibular fossa
42
discuss pterygopalatine fossa
inverted pyramid shape connected to nasal cavity, orbit, pharynx, infratemporal fossa
43
what are the fissures found with pterygopalatine fossa
inferior orbital fissure pterygomaxillary fissure
44
what are the foramina f the pterygopalatine fossa
spheno-palatine foramen foramen rotundum
45
what are the canals of the pterygopalatine fossa
pharyngeal canal vidian canal pterygopalatine canal
46
what divides the cranial cavity fossa
anterior cranial fossa sphenoid crest - lesser wing of sphenoid bone middle cranial fossa superior border of petrous temporal bone posterior cranial fossa
47
what is crista galli part of
ethmoid bone (beak of rooster) cribiform foramina (holes) surrounf it
48
what is found in cribiform plate
olfactory nerve passes from nasal cavity into cranial fossa via cribiform plate olfactory bulbs receive nerve fibres from nasal cavity via foramina of cribiform plate
49
how do cribriform plate fractures present
CSF rhinorrhoea
50
what does chiasmis mean
cross over therefore some fibres of optic nerve cross over
51
what is the pituitary adenomas presentation
grow upwards, as no bone to sides or upwards towards optic chiasmatic sulcus therefore present with visual disturbance
52
what is found in foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery enters into cranial cavity
53
describe the posterior cranial fossa
brain stem esp. pons lies on, also cerebellum and occipital lobe has 4 parts
54
what asses through hypoglossal canal
12th cranial nerve
55
what is the only moveable bone in skull
mandible
56
what does the masseter attach to
masseter attaches to lateral surface of ramus, process and angle of mandible
57
what does the temporalis muscle attach to
coronoid process of mandible
58
what passes through mandibular foramen
nerves for lower teeth enter here into mandibular canal
59
what is tmj
modified hinge joint instead of flexion and extension (of usual hinge joint)- elevation and depression articular disc separates into superior and inferior articular cavities fibrocartilaginous disc FIBROCARTILAGE, not hyaline cartilage intrinsically unstable joint glenoid fossa of temporal bone and condylar process of mandible
60
what is the most common type of dislocation at the tmj
ANTERIOR dislocation large bite or trauma when mouth is open when depressed the condylar process moves anteriorly and lies under the articular eminences mandibular head is vulnerable to anterior dislocation into the infratemporal fossa
61
describe the three ligaments of tmj
3 ligaments--1 intrinsic (lateral) strengthens joint 2 extrinsic ligaments- SPHENOMANDIBULAR (primary passive support) and STYLOMADIBULAR ligaments-- allow swinging sideways connect mandible to cranium
62
what are the movements of the mandible
elevation, depression- HINGE AND ROTATIONAL MOVEMENTS BETWEEN HEAD OF MANDIBLE AND ARTICULAR DISC (inferior cavity) protrusion, retraction- GLIDING MOVEMENTS BETWEEN TEMPORAL BONE AND ARTICULAR DISC (superior cavity)
63
describe the first two cervical vertebrae (2/7)
first two are unique ATLAS no vertebral bodes, two lateral masses, two arches articulate with occipital condyles and axis AXIS dens
64
what is typical vertebrae for cervical vertebrae
small vertebral body triangular vertebral canal transverse foramina bifid spinous process first to feel in neck is C7 (hence called vertebrae prominence)
65
what are the two joints found in the neck we are interested in
atlanto-occipital joint 1x median and 2x lateral atlanto-axial joints
66
what are the ligaments of the neck
alar ligaments apical ligaments with cruciform ligaments keep dens in correct position
67
what happens if transverse (cruciform) ligament is ruptured?
bones will slide on each other and injure spinal cord
68
what is the anterior longitudinal ligament continuous with
atlanto occipital membrane
69
what is the posterior longitudinal ligament continuous with
tectorial membrane
70
discuss intervertebral joints -intervertebral symphysis
secondary cartilaginous joint hyaline cartilage on endplates intervertebral disc-fibrous supported by -anterior longitudinal ligament -posterior longitudinal ligament (pierced by vertebral artery, continues cranially as tectorial membrane)
71
discuss intervertebral joints -facet (zygapophysial) joint
synovial joint hyaline cartilage between inferior and superior articular surfaces supported by ligamentum flavum (runs between two adjacent laminae)
72
what to look at during cervial x ray
ADEQUACY- can you see all 7 c vertebrae and top of t1 ALIGNMENT- draw three parallel lines along anterior, posterior border of the 7 vert bodies, third though the base of each spinous process ASYMMETRY- look for abnormal asymmetry between 7 cervical vertebrae
73
is the curve normal in cervical spine
yes- LORDOTIC curve 43 degree arc absorbs shock due to -bone and disc shape -muscle and ligament contributions

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