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Medicine > Skull > Flashcards

Skull Flashcards

1
Q

what is the skull

A

bony skeleton- closed boc
houses brain, organs of special sense, upper parts or resp and gi systems

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2
Q

what kind of movement does the skull have

A

restricted, except tmj and atlanto-occipital joint

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3
Q

how many layers does the scalp have

A

5
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose areolar tissue
Periosteum

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4
Q

what is the function of the skull

A

protects brain, brainstem, cranial nerves, vasculature
muscle attachment
framework for head
individual identity

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5
Q

what kind of bones does the skull have

A

flat and irregular
pneumatised

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6
Q

what is the point of pneumatised bones and give examples

A

have air spaces
reduce weight and add resonance to voice

ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, temporal

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7
Q

how do flat smooth bones form

A

by intramembranous ossification

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8
Q

how do irregular bones form

A

endochondral ossification

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9
Q

how many bones does the neurocranium have

A

8
frontal
parietal x2
occipital
sphenoid
temporal x2
ethmoid

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10
Q

how many bones does the viscerocranium have

A

15
ethmoid
palatine x2
zygomatic x2
maxilla x2
mandible
lacrimal x2
nasal x2
inferior nasal concha x2
vomer

3 single

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11
Q

what travels through the stylomastoid foramen

A

facial nerve

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12
Q

how many bones in he calvarium (skull cap)

A

4
fused by sutures

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13
Q

what is the superior sagittal sinus and what is found around it

A

superior sagittal sinus is a vein (carries venous blood) found in calvarium
originate from root of nose
on either side there are GRANULAR FOVEOLAE
arachnoid granulations, which absorb csf and pass into superior sagittal sinus to be drained

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14
Q

what are the parts of the L -shaped occipital bone

A

flat
squamous
irregular part

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15
Q

what do neck muscles attach to (occipital bone)

A

superior nuchal line

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16
Q

what is the midpoint of superior nuchal line

A

INION

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17
Q

what is the piriform aperture the entrance for

A

piriform aperture is entrance of nasal and oral cavity

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18
Q

where do branches of the trigeminal nerve CNV go through

A

opthalmic branch
maxillary branch
mandibular branch

supra-orbital notch
infra-orbital foramen
mental foramen

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19
Q

what is the pterygoid process

A

feet of sphenoid bone
with laminar- medial and lateral plate

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20
Q

what passes through the foramen magnum

A

spinal cord vertebral arteries

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21
Q

what forms jugular foramen

A

joint of temporal bones and occipital bone
2 jugular notches join together

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22
Q

what passes through jugular foramen

A

internal jugular vein
9,10,11 xn

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23
Q

what passes through hypoglossal canal

A

12th cranial nerve

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24
Q

what passes through carotid canal

A

internal carotid artery

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25
Q

what passes through foramen ovale

A

third division of trigeminal nerve

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26
Q

what passes through foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery

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27
Q

what are fontanelles

A

gaps, sutures are not yet ossified
covered in skin and cartilage
ANTERIOR and PSTERIOR
found in infants
moulding of cranial shape during birth

allows brain to grow also makes vaginal delivery easier if big baby

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28
Q

what kind of join is a suture

A

fibrous joint
SYNARTHROSIS
limited/no movement

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29
Q

what does a bulge in the fontanelles mean
what does a depression in the fontanelles mean
is a pulsation normal?

A
  1. increased intracranial pressure
  2. dehydration
  3. yes it is due to the superior sagittal sinus
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30
Q

what are craniometric points

A

used by radiologists/surgeons as reference points

31
Q

what is pterion

A

craniometric point
this area is weak (4 bones joined together)
if fracture can cause rapture of MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY (branch of maxillary artery- pass through spinosum foramen) gives off branches just deep to pterion.
==EPIDURAL HAEMATOMA

32
Q

what is the surface anatomy of pterion

A

4cm superior to midpoint of zygomatic arch
3cm posterior to frontal process of zygomatic bone

33
Q

what forms the orbit

A

frontal
lacrimal
ethmoid
maxilla
zygomatic
sphenoid (greater wing)
palentine

34
Q

what does the superior orbital fissure transmit

A

eyeball
lacrimal nerve
frontal nerve
superior ophthalmic vein
nasociliary nerve

oculomotor nerve
abducens nerve
trochlear nerve
last three are for eye muscles

35
Q

what are the gateways of the orbit

A

superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
infraorbital foramen
optic foramen

allows structures to enter and exit orbit
connection between orbit and middle cranial fossa

36
Q

what does the inferior orbital fissure transmit

A

zygomatic branch of maxillary nerve
infraorbital nerve
inferior ophthalmic vein
sympathetic nerve

connection between orbit and pterygopalatine fossa

37
Q

what surrounds temporal fossa

A

superior and inferior temporal lines

38
Q

discuss temporalis muscle
and masseter

A

temporalis muscle attaches to the inferior temporal line and attaches to coronoid process
(fascia attaches to superior line)
during contraction mandible is elevated and retracted

masseter on lateral side of angle of mandible

39
Q

what are the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa

A

Laterally ramus of mandible
Medially lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
Anteriorly posterior aspect of maxilla
Posteriorly tympanic plate, mastoid and styloid process
Superiorly infratemporal crest of sphenoid bone
inferiorly angle of mandible

40
Q

what does the infratemporal fossa communicate with

A

communicates with pterygopalatine fossa medially

41
Q

where is the retromandibular fossa

A
42
Q

discuss pterygopalatine fossa

A

inverted pyramid shape
connected to nasal cavity, orbit, pharynx, infratemporal fossa

43
Q

what are the fissures found with pterygopalatine fossa

A

inferior orbital fissure
pterygomaxillary fissure

44
Q

what are the foramina f the pterygopalatine fossa

A

spheno-palatine foramen
foramen rotundum

45
Q

what are the canals of the pterygopalatine fossa

A

pharyngeal canal
vidian canal
pterygopalatine canal

46
Q

what divides the cranial cavity fossa

A

anterior cranial fossa

sphenoid crest - lesser wing of sphenoid bone

middle cranial fossa

superior border of petrous temporal bone

posterior cranial fossa

47
Q

what is crista galli part of

A

ethmoid bone
(beak of rooster)
cribiform foramina (holes) surrounf it

48
Q

what is found in cribiform plate

A

olfactory nerve passes from nasal cavity into cranial fossa via cribiform plate
olfactory bulbs receive nerve fibres from nasal cavity via foramina of cribiform plate

49
Q

how do cribriform plate fractures present

A

CSF rhinorrhoea

50
Q

what does chiasmis mean

A

cross over
therefore some fibres of optic nerve cross over

51
Q

what is the pituitary adenomas presentation

A

grow upwards, as no bone to sides or upwards towards optic chiasmatic sulcus
therefore present with visual disturbance

52
Q

what is found in foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery enters into cranial cavity

53
Q

describe the posterior cranial fossa

A

brain stem esp. pons lies on, also cerebellum and occipital lobe

has 4 parts

54
Q

what asses through hypoglossal canal

A

12th cranial nerve

55
Q

what is the only moveable bone in skull

A

mandible

56
Q

what does the masseter attach to

A

masseter attaches to lateral surface of ramus, process and angle of mandible

57
Q

what does the temporalis muscle attach to

A

coronoid process of mandible

58
Q

what passes through mandibular foramen

A

nerves for lower teeth enter here into mandibular canal

59
Q

what is tmj

A

modified hinge joint
instead of flexion and extension (of usual hinge joint)- elevation and depression
articular disc separates into superior and inferior articular cavities
fibrocartilaginous disc
FIBROCARTILAGE, not hyaline cartilage
intrinsically unstable joint
glenoid fossa of temporal bone and condylar process of mandible

60
Q

what is the most common type of dislocation at the tmj

A

ANTERIOR dislocation
large bite
or trauma when mouth is open
when depressed the condylar process moves anteriorly and lies under the articular eminences
mandibular head is vulnerable to anterior dislocation into the infratemporal fossa

61
Q

describe the three ligaments of tmj

A

3 ligaments–1 intrinsic (lateral) strengthens joint
2 extrinsic ligaments- SPHENOMANDIBULAR (primary passive support) and STYLOMADIBULAR ligaments– allow swinging sideways

connect mandible to cranium

62
Q

what are the movements of the mandible

A

elevation, depression- HINGE AND ROTATIONAL MOVEMENTS BETWEEN HEAD OF MANDIBLE AND ARTICULAR DISC (inferior cavity)
protrusion, retraction- GLIDING MOVEMENTS BETWEEN TEMPORAL BONE AND ARTICULAR DISC (superior cavity)

63
Q

describe the first two cervical vertebrae (2/7)

A

first two are unique
ATLAS
no vertebral bodes, two lateral masses, two arches
articulate with occipital condyles and axis
AXIS
dens

64
Q

what is typical vertebrae for cervical vertebrae

A

small vertebral body
triangular vertebral canal
transverse foramina
bifid spinous process
first to feel in neck is C7 (hence called vertebrae prominence)

65
Q

what are the two joints found in the neck we are interested in

A

atlanto-occipital joint
1x median and 2x lateral atlanto-axial joints

66
Q

what are the ligaments of the neck

A

alar ligaments
apical ligaments
with cruciform ligaments
keep dens in correct position

67
Q

what happens if transverse (cruciform) ligament is ruptured?

A

bones will slide on each other and injure spinal cord

68
Q

what is the anterior longitudinal ligament continuous with

A

atlanto occipital membrane

69
Q

what is the posterior longitudinal ligament continuous with

A

tectorial membrane

70
Q

discuss intervertebral joints
-intervertebral symphysis

A

secondary cartilaginous joint
hyaline cartilage on endplates
intervertebral disc-fibrous
supported by
-anterior longitudinal ligament
-posterior longitudinal ligament (pierced by vertebral artery, continues cranially as tectorial membrane)

71
Q

discuss intervertebral joints
-facet (zygapophysial) joint

A

synovial joint
hyaline cartilage
between inferior and superior articular surfaces
supported by ligamentum flavum (runs between two adjacent laminae)

72
Q

what to look at during cervial x ray

A

ADEQUACY- can you see all 7 c vertebrae and top of t1
ALIGNMENT- draw three parallel lines along anterior, posterior border of the 7 vert bodies, third though the base of each spinous process
ASYMMETRY- look for abnormal asymmetry between 7 cervical vertebrae

73
Q

is the curve normal in cervical spine

A

yes- LORDOTIC curve 43 degree arc
absorbs shock
due to
-bone and disc shape
-muscle and ligament contributions

Medicine (54 decks)

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