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Medicine > How to make a brain > Flashcards

How to make a brain Flashcards

1
Q

what is neurulation

A

forming a tube from a plate

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2
Q

what s the neural plate made from

A

ectoderm
it is where the neural plate starts

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3
Q

what s the neural plate made from

A

ectoderm
it is where the neural plate starts

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4
Q

what are the important days in the early development of the cns

A

plate (columnar epithelium) makes a tube in the end
first plate–> tube
day 19 a midline groove is apparent and neurulation is induced by the notochord
day 20-21 neural groove and fold formed on plate edge
day 21+ neural folds fuse in rostral caudal direction (apical constriction) to create a tube
day 25 rostral neuropore closure
day 27 caudal neuropore closure

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5
Q

what happens if rostral neuropore doesnt close

A

forebrain doesnt form- anencephaly

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6
Q

what are risk factors for neural tube defects

A

folate deficiency
diabetes
epilepsy drugs
previous anencephaly

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7
Q

what happens if there are defects at the caudal neuropore

A

spina bifida

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8
Q

what is the most severe form of spina bifida

A

myeloschisis

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9
Q

what is myeloschisis

A

open neuropore, nervous system on surface as a pit

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10
Q

what is meningomyelocele

A

closed neuropore but defect around spinal cord
defect in vertebrae and meninges are bulging
spinal cord on outside of protection of vertebrae

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11
Q

what is meningocele

A

meninges bulging
spinal cord still within spinal column

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12
Q

what is spina bifida occulta (1/10 individuals)

A

when a baby’s backbone (spine) does not fully form during pregnancy.

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13
Q

what are the three swellings of the neural tube

A

fore, mid, hindbrain

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14
Q

what are the vesicles in the brain

A

fore, mid, hindbrain vesicles

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15
Q

wha does the space between the vesicles contain

A

csf, vesicles always connected

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16
Q

what happens to forebrain during development

A

grows two lateral expansions (like ears), centre becomes diencephalon

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17
Q

what happens to hindbrain during development

A

develops into brainstem and cerebellum with a central ventricle expanding

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18
Q

what do the lumen of the tubes develop into

A

forebrain vesicle – two lateral ventricles and third ventricle (with interventricular foramen joining them together)
midbrain– cerebral aqueduct
hindbrain– fourth ventricle

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19
Q

what do the walls of the tube form

A

forebrain- telencephalon, 2 cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
midbrain- mesencephalon
hindbrain- metencephalon (pons, cerebellum), myelencephalon (medulla)

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20
Q

where does the cerebral hemispheres derive from

A

forebrain vesicle

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21
Q

what causes the c shape formation

A

The hemispheres grow round in a C-shape and then back again, pulling all structures internal to the hemispheres (such as the ventricles) with them.

22
Q

what is the cephalic flexure

A

occurs in week 6
s the first flexure or bend, that forms in the region of midbrain
found in mesencephalon

23
Q

what occurs at 12 weeks

A

strong temporal lobe growth
devloping insula

24
Q

what is the insula

A

grey matter

25
Q

what covers insula

A

operculum (lid) of cortex from adjacent lobe
fronto-parietal and temporal operculum

26
Q

what happens at 16 weeks and later

A

c shape cerebral hemispheres
lobes and grooves now evident

27
Q

what happens ar full term

A

ruffling and convolution
crinkled surface

28
Q

what are gyri

A

they are the bumps, increase surface area and volume of grey matter

29
Q

how do you make the brain have a bigger surface area

A

sulcus and gyri

30
Q

name some c shaped structures

A

hippocampus (memory)
lateral ventricle
fornix
corpus callosum
caudate nucleus (curved shape of basal ganglia) that follows later ventricle

31
Q

why are there c shaped structures in the brain

A

due to temproal lobe growth

32
Q

what is the fornix

A

connects hippocampus with anterior structures

33
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

connects the two hemispheres together

34
Q

where is the fornix

A

above thalamus

35
Q

what is the internal capsule
and what does it do during development

A

white matter bundle
divides basal ganglia- lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus

36
Q

why can you see two parts of the caudate nucleus in a coronal slice

A

because it is c shaped, so cut twice

37
Q

why can you not see the cerebral aqueduct in a coronal slice

A

2D slice- therefore very rare to see

38
Q

how does the fourth ventricle form

A

opening out of neural tube forms roof o fourth ventricle
around week 6

39
Q

what happens to the grey matter before and after the 4th ventricle forms

A

Before- sensory grey matter in dorsal position
After- sensory grey matter becomes more lateral , motor is more medial

40
Q

what does the caudal neural tube become

A

the spinal cord

41
Q

what are the layers that start to make the spinal cord

A

ventricular layer (generating cells to make–>
Mantle layer that becomes grey matter
Marginal layer (outside) all white matter concentrates here

Sensory neurons in dorsal region

42
Q

what forms the dorsal root

A

ingrowth of neurites from dorsal root ganglion

43
Q

what forms ventral root

A

outgrowth from neurons motor grey

44
Q

what does bmp stand for

A

bone morphogenetic protein

45
Q

what does bmp do

A

inhibits neural ectoderm, which promotes skin

46
Q

what induces the neural tube formation

A

notochord.
produces noggin, chordin, follistatin, which block bmp
therefore allows differentiation of neural ectoderm

47
Q

what happens to neural crest cells during neurulation

A

migrate away from neural tube
epithelial mesenchymal transition
spread through embryo and give rise to many different cell types.

48
Q

name some cells that neural cells form

A

4 genetic disorders of neural crest
cranial nerve ganglia
autonomic ganglia
craniofacial skeleton
melanocytes (dalmation dogs)- patchy and deaf

schwann cells
adrenal medulla
cartilage
bone
neurons, glia
connective tissue

49
Q

name some neural crest development defects

A

waardenburg’s syndrome
treacher collins syndrome

50
Q

what gene is deleted in waardenburgs syndrome

A

Pax-3 gene

51
Q

what protein is defected in treacher collins syndrome

A

TCOF1 gene

Medicine (54 decks)

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