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Neuroanatomy synopsis Flashcards

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1
Q

what separates lobes

A

grooves:
central sulcus
lateral sulcus
parieto-occipital sulcus

sulci separate gyri

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2
Q

how many lobes do we have

A

5 or 6

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insula- hidden between banks of lateral sulcus
(limbic) sandwiched between two functional areas

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3
Q

what kind of movement is found in the frontal lobe
discuss dominant hemispheres

A

VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENT
-primary motor cortex
-premotor cortex
LANGUAGE PRODUCTION
-Broca’s area, frontal operculum of dominant hemisphere (85% dominant in left, therefore frontal operculum involved in language production in 85%)
HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
-impulse control, decision-making, problem solving, social interaction, attention
-prefrontal cortex area

dominant hemisphere–>
certain functions located to one side of the brain, eg. language and mathematical abilities

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4
Q

discuss parietal lobe function

A

INTEGRATION OF SOMATOSENSORY INFO
-primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (except smell)
MOVEMENT
-primary somatosensory cortex (some neurons involved in initiating movement)
LANGUAGE
-wernicke’s area partially in the dominant hemisphere –> reading

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5
Q

discuss the temporal lobe function

A

CONSCIOUS MEMORY –REVISING :(
-medial temporal lobe (hippocampus and neighbouring cortices)
AUDITORY PROCESSING
-auditory cortices
COMPREHENSION OF SPEECH
-anterior part of wernicke’s area
OLFACTION
-medial temporal lobe
-primary olfactory cortex

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6
Q

what is the uncus and clinical significance

A

innermost part of temporal lobe (hook)
uncal herniation if increased intracranial pressure
thorugh foraman magnum

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7
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

VISUAL PERCEPTION AND PROCESSING
MEMORY

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8
Q

what is the function of insula

A

OLFACTION
TASTE
DISCRIMINATIVE TOUCH

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9
Q

what is the function of the limbic lobe and what does limbic mean

A

BEHAVIOURAL AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
LEARNING AND MEMORY (part is in the temporal lobe and has connections with medial temporal lobe structures)

eg. smelling curry and remembering good experiences
limbic means border- so limbic lobe frames corpus callosum and diencephalon

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10
Q

what forms the diencephalon

A

5 parts
thalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
metathalamus
hypothalamus

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11
Q

what is the thalamus involved in

A

relay station for ALL SENSORY IMPULSES except smell before cortex
inputs from subcortical motor nuclei and cerebellum before cerebral motor cortex

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12
Q

what are the 6 major functions of the hypothalamus

A

autonomic control
endocrine control (with pituitary gland)
regulation of thirst (fluid and electrolyte balance)
eating (energy balance)
sexual behaviour, reproduction
body temp

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13
Q

what is the hypophysis

A

an endocrine gland- pituitary gland
found in pituitary fossa
superior aspect of sphenoid sinus

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14
Q

how does pituitary gland develop

A

pouches form from roof f the mouth and floor of diencephalon
these pouches join
loses connection with roof of mouth
attached to diencephalon via a stalk

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15
Q

where do __ develop from
neurohypophysis

adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

A

neuro develops from diencephalon
adeno develops from roof of mouth

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16
Q

what is neurohypophysis

A

posterior lobe of pituitary gland
pituitary stalk
median eminence

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17
Q

what is the adenohypophysis

A

just anterior lobe

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18
Q

what does neurohypophysis do

A

secretes two hormones that is produced in hypothalamus and travels down paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei

oxyctosis
ADH

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19
Q

what does the adenohypophysis do

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A

produces and secretes hormones into the hypophysial portal system

20
Q

what are the parts of the midbrain
(mickey mouse shape)

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A

Substantia nigra (eyebrows- black)
Crus cerebri (ears- leg of brain)
2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi (whiskers-bumps on posterior of midbrain) VISUAL AND AUDITORY REFLEXES
Tegmentum (superior)
Tectum (inferior)
Red nuclues (eye)

21
Q

what are the superior and inferior colliculi involved in

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A

auditory and visual reflex

22
Q

what is the function of red nucleus

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A

subcortical motor centre

23
Q

what happens if there is brainstem damage above red nucleus

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A

decorticate rigidity

in response to sharp pain
arms flex
legs extend

abnormal posturing ,
stiff
bent arms
legs straight

24
Q

what is substantia nigra involved in
and what condition is it damaged in

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A

reward seeking, motor learning
parkinsons

25
what does pons mean
bridge connect forebrain and cerebellum
26
what is the function of pons
conduction area (bridge) there are many nuclei that contribute to regulation of respiration, hearing and balance
27
what are the centres of respiration found in pons
pneumotaxic area- sends inhib signals to respiratory centres apneustic area-stimulates inspiratory neurons of dorsal resp and ventral resp group therefore promotes inspiration therefore regulate respiration
28
what is the function of medulla
vital centres that regulate resp rhythm, heart rate, bp non-vital centres that regulate cough, sneeze, swallowing, vomiting also where corticospinal tract crosses (90% cross in pyramidal decussaion)
29
what is the area postrema
found in medulla lower part of 4th ventricle chemoreceptor triggers this area- detects emetic toxins in blood and csf and induces vomiting (if not working die if poison)
30
describe the respiratory centres
found in medulla and pons in medulla we have dorsal and ventral respiratory group, works with pneumotaxic and apneustic area. DRG initiates inspiration and establishes rhythm of normal neurons in DRG stimulate nerves to diaphragm and external intercostals if DRG suppressed breathing stops VRG for expiration
31
what is the reticular formation
motor and sensory nuclei of cranial nerves neurons form a polysynaptic network around these in the brainstem, collectively called reticular (network) formation continues rostrally into the thalamus and hypothalamus, caudally into the spinal cord receive input and project to all parts of cns divided into 3 longitudinal zones (5 columns)
32
what is the median reticular formation (raphe nuclei) involved in
sleep pain
33
what is the paramedian reticular formation involved in (gigantocellular reticular nuclei)
sensory pathways muscle tone
34
what is the lateral reticular formation (parvocellular reticular nuclei) involved in
ALL sensory pathways crainial nerve reflexes and visceral functions
35
is reticular formation involved in state of consciousness, explain what is its function
yes related to cns so wide functions sleep and wakefulness (if disturbed = coma) pattern generation -cv control -respiratory control pattern generation (non-essential) -conjugate eye movement -gait swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing control of micturition nociception and pain modulation
36
is ascending or descending reticular formation sensory of motor
ascending is sensory descending is motor
37
what does the ascending reticular formation contain and therefore do
contains reticular activating system RAS this awakens cerebra cortex from sleep maintains consciousness/attention filters incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli (eg. in coffee shop and studying) pain modulators
38
what does the descending reticular formation
helps maintain muscle tone- balance and tone
39
what is the cerebellum and its function
2 hemispheres in cerebellar fossa connected to brain stem by cerebellar peduncles process and interprets impulses from motor cortex and sensory pathways coordinates motor activity for smooth, well-timed movements important for balance
40
what is the difference between coma and vegetative stae
coma- eyes closed and no response veg state- may respond vaguely to painful stimulus, eyes open, cant communicate
41
what are afferent neurons
nuerons, axons carry info towards the cns
42
what efferent neurons and the two different kinds
neuron, axon carries impulses towards the end organ UMN- cell body in CEREBRAL CORTEX LMN- cell body in VENTRAL HORN of SPINAL CORD/ BRAINSTEM
43
what are the 7 functional classifications of neurons
medial to lateral 1. general somatic efferent STRIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLES 2. special visceral efferent MUSCLES FROM PHARYNGEAL ARCHES 3. general visceral efferent SMOOTH MUSCLES, GLANDS 4. general visceral afferent ORGANS like discomfort after eating, appendicitis 5. special visceral afferent OLFACTION, TASTE 6. general somatic afferent PERCEPTION OF PAIN, TOUCH, TEMPERATURE 7. special somatic afferent VISION, HEARING, BALANCE SOMATIC- body, skin, muscles, bones, soft tissue VISCERAL- internal organs blood vessels visceral is always divided into genal and special
44
what is the organisation of neurons in the spinal cord to brainstem
somatic neurons are located at tip of ventral and dorsal horns visceral found next to that spinal cord grey matter is H shape and more vertical, this begins to open up dorsally in brainstem, the grey matter becomes more horizontal- NUCLEI ORDER REMAINS THE SAME
45
what forms white matter tracts and how do we see the course of these
axons of neurons form white matter tracts diffusion tensor imaging
46
what are the directions of white matter tracts and give examples
up/down- projection fibres INTERNAL CAPSULE front/back - association fibres SUPERIOIR LONGITDINAL FASCICULUS left/right- commissural fibres CORPUS CALLOSUM, POSTERIOR COMMISSURE
47
When is babinski sign normal
until 6 months old

Medicine (54 decks)

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