Cerebral Cortex-Exam II

Question 1

About how many neurons are housed in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 1

10 billion.. how do they know that!? also perspective: 170 billion cells in brain..fyi

Question 2

What are the six layers of gray matter in the cerebral cortex? (Superficial->Deep)

Answer 2

I. Molecular II. External Granular Layer III. External Pyramidal Layer IV. Internal Granular Layer V. Internal Pyramidal Layer VI. Multiform Layer

Question 3

Which cells of the cortex are found in layers 3,4,&6 that send info from deep to superficial? Are these cells Radial or Tangential?

Answer 3

Cells of Martinoti…Radial

Question 4

Which cells of the cortex contact signals from Martinoti cells to Pyramidal Cells? Are they Radial or Tangential?

Answer 4

Horizontal Cells…Tangential

Question 5

Which cells carry signals from the superficial to the deep part of the cortex? Radial or Tangential?

Answer 5

Pyramidal Cells…Radial

Question 6

What can the cortex be divided into on its smallest level?

Answer 6

Vertical Columns

Question 7

What can groups of vertical columns be clustered into? What’s an example of this?

Answer 7

Functionally Specialized Areas (Brodmann’s Area)

Question 8

What is the largest categorization of vertical columns–>functionally specialized areas?

Answer 8

Lobes/Cortices

Question 9

What are the three types of fibers that connect lobes/cortices? Where do each of them work?

Answer 9

Association Fibers (within same hemisphere), Commissural Fibers(hemisphere to hemisphere), Projection Fibers(Thalamus to the Cortex)

Question 10

What are the 5 cell types found in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 10

1. Pyramidal 2. Stellate 3. Fusiform 4. Horizontal Cells of Cajal 5. Cells of Martinoti

Question 11

What are the five functional areas of the cortex?

Answer 11

1.Primary Sensory Cortices 2. Sensory Association Cortices 3.Motor Planning Cortices 4. Primary Mortor Cortices 5. Association Cotrices

Question 12

Which gyrus is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex?

Answer 12

POSTcentral Gyrus

Question 13

Where does the primary somatosensory cortex receive input from?

Answer 13

The thalamus (the great switchboard)

Question 14

Which gyrus can I find the somatosensory association cortex?

Answer 14

SupraMarginal Gyrus

Question 15

What can a lesion of the somatosensory association cortex cause?

Answer 15

ASTERO-GNO-SIS

Question 16

Which 2 gyri will i find the primary Visual Cortex?

Answer 16

Cuneus & Lingual (Occipital-divided by Calcirin Sulcus)

Question 17

What would result with a lesion to the primary somatosensoy cortex aka “Hemianesthesia”?

Answer 17

Loss of conscious proprioception

Question 18

What is housed in the angular gyrus?

Answer 18

The visual association cortex

Question 19

What have I damaged if I cannot converge or diverge my eyes?

Answer 19

The visual association cortex

Question 20

Where is my primary auditory cortex?

Answer 20

the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl

Question 21

Where is my auditory association cortex?

Answer 21

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Question 22

Which cortex and what specific area of that cortex have I injured if i cannot understand spoken language?

Answer 22

The auditory association cortex–Wernike’s

Question 23

What are the four structures of the Primary Olfactory Cortex?

Answer 23

The Uncus, Piriform Cortex, The PeriAmygdaloid, and part of the ParaHippoCampal Gyrus

Question 24

What is the inability to recognize an object/to interpret and recognize sensory stimuli? THIS IS FOR ALL THE DIFFERENT ASSOCIATION CORTICES

Answer 24

AG-NOS-IA

Question 25

What are the two terms for in ability to sense an object by touch? What Brodmann's number area is this?

Answer 25

Tactile Agnosia aka Astero-Gnosis, lesion in area 40

Question 26

What is the inability to recognize faces?

Answer 26

PRO-SO-PAG-NO-SIA

Question 27

What is the inability to recognize objects by sight? What numbered area is this?

Answer 27

Visual Agnosia..Area 39

Question 28

What is the inability to recognize familiar sounds and words? What area?

Answer 28

Auditory Agnosia...Area 22

Question 29

Which stream helps see Form, 3-D, Position, Motion?

Answer 29

Parietal Stream

Question 30

What happens if you take out my left primary visual cortex?

Answer 30

Lose vision from my right eye

Question 31

Which stream is for Visual Detail and Color

Answer 31

Temporal Stream

Question 32

What is a negative sign?

Answer 32

Complete loss of function..eg Paralysis of something

Question 33

What is a positive sign?

Answer 33

Abnormal function of something...hallucination

Question 34

Describe to me the flow of information and the functional areas...

Answer 34

Primary Sensory Cortex-->Sensory Association Cortex-->Association Cortex-->Motor Planning Areas-->Primary motor cortex

Question 35

What is the scientific term for loss of the PRIMARY visual cortex? Are you ready for some crazy words?

Answer 35

HOMO-NY-MOUS HEMI-ANO-PIA

Question 36

What is the flow of signals if I want to replicate a sound? Pretty cool! Really only one new area we haven't talked about much..

Answer 36

Sound comes in the primary auditory cortex-->goes to the auditory association cortex-->then to wernicke's area-->then to the subcortical connections-->then to broca's area-->oral and throat region of the sensorimotor cortex

Question 37

Which cortex have I damaged if I cannot LOCALIZE a sound?

Answer 37

Primary Auditory Cortex

Question 38

Where might a lesion be with a positive babinski sign?

Answer 38

The Primary Motor Cortex

Question 39

Which two cortices house the main motor planning area?

Answer 39

The PreMotor Cortex/Frontal Eye Fields & Supplemental Motor cortex

Question 40

What structures are involved with INTERNALLY motivated movements? Like to get up, walk, etc.

Answer 40

The Basal Ganglia (then sent to the motor planning areas)

Question 41

What structures are involved with Externally motivated movements? How does this relate to parkinsons?

Answer 41

The cerebellum and the premotor cortex. If you give external motivation for a parkinsons pt to move, like through music or commands they have an easier time moving. (rather then the basal ganglia telling them to move)

Question 42

What is the term for normal comprehension of language, but difficult expression of speech?

Answer 42

Broca's Aphasia (expressive aphasia)

Question 43

What is the general term for the inability to plan perform skilled movements?

Answer 43

A-Prax-ia

Question 44

What is the loss of ability to carry out spontaneous movement?

Answer 44

A-Kinetic apraxia

Question 45

What is the inability to carryout a command due to inability to remember the command?

Answer 45

Amnestic Apraxia

Question 46

What is the inability to perform complicated motor tasks?

Answer 46

Motor Apraxia

Question 47

What is the inability to demonstrate the use of objects

Answer 47

ID-ation-al apraxia (I think they made that word up)

Question 48

What is the inability to perform facial-oral movements on command?

Answer 48

Facial Apraxia

Question 49

What is the most common apraxia?

Answer 49

Facial Apraxia

Question 50

What are the three Association Cortices?

Answer 50

1. Prefrontal/Frontal 2. Limbic 3. Parietotemporal

Question 51

What are the three parts of Prefrontal/Frontal association cortex?

Answer 51

Superior, middle frontal gyri, and medial frontal lobe

Question 52

What is the function for ALL planned activities in the frontal lobe?

Answer 52

Executive Functiony

Question 53

What areas regulate the AFFECT associated with sensation (happy, sad, friendly etc)?

Answer 53

Frontal/Prefrontal Asscoication Cortices

Question 54

Where is the limbic association cortex?

Answer 54

anterior pole of the temporal lobe

Question 55

Which association cortex is involved in regulation of emotions, mood, affect, & memory?

Answer 55

The limbic association cortex

Question 56

Which association cortex is involved in sensory integration, problem solving, speech, and spatial processing?

Answer 56

ParietoTemporal Association Cortex

Question 57

Which association cortex is linked to the hemineglect syndrome? Remember the clock on the wall?

Answer 57

The ParietoTemporal Association Cortex

Question 58

Which hemisphere is considered the dominant hemisphere in most individuals?

Answer 58

The Left Hemisphere

Question 59

What % of the population is Right Handed? What % of Right handed people are left brain dominant? What % of Left handed people are left brain dominant?

Answer 59

90% of people are right handed. 90% of right handers are left brain dominant. 60-70% of wrong handers are left brain dominant as well

Question 60

Categorize these as dominant or noncom fxns: Spatial Oritentation? Arithmic-Analytical? Language? Prosody?

Answer 60

Spatial Orientation:NONdom Arithmic-Analytical: DOM Language: DOM Prosody: Non-Dom

Question 61

Categorize as dom or non dom...Skilled motor formulation? Analytic-Spatial Seuential Processing? Visual Spatial Analysis?

Answer 61

Skilled Motor: Dom....Analytic-Spatial: NON-dom...Sequential Processing: DOM....Visual Spatial Analysis:Non-Dom