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Neuromuscular PT 1 > Cerebral Cortex Notes sheet > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Notes sheet Flashcards

1
Q

cortical Areas

primary somatosensory area

Function and deficit if damaged

A
  1. discriminates shape, texture, size of object
  2. loss of tacile localization and conscious proprioception
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2
Q

cortical Areas

Primary Auditory

Function and deficit if damaged

A
  1. conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds
  2. loss of localization of sounds
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3
Q

cortical Areas

Primary Visual

A
  1. Function: distinguishes intensity of lightm shape, size, and location of objects
  2. Lesion: homonymous hemianopia (a field loss deficit in the same halves of the visual field of each eye)
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4
Q

Cortical Areas

Primary vestibular

A
  1. Function: discriminates amoung head positions and head movemetns, contributes to perception of vertical
  2. lesion: change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical
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5
Q

Cortical Areas

Secondary somatosensory

A
  1. function: stereognosis and memory of tactle and spatial environment
  2. lesion: astereognosis
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6
Q

Cortical Areas

Secondary visual

A
  1. Function: analysis of motion, , color, recognition of visual object, understanding of visual and spatial relationships, control visual fixation
  2. Lesion: visual agnosia or optic ataxia
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7
Q

Cortical Areas

Secondary Auditory

A
  1. function: classification of sounds
  2. lesion: auditory agnosia
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8
Q

Cortical Areas

Primary motor cortex

A
  1. Function: voluntary controlled movements
  2. lesion: paresis, loss of finemotor, spastic dysarthria
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9
Q

Premotor area

A
  1. Function: control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments
  2. lesion: apraxia

a disorder of the brain and nervous system in which a person is unable to perform tasks or movements when asked

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10
Q

Supplementary motor area

A
  1. Function: initiation of movement, orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements
  2. lesion:apraxia
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11
Q

Brocas area

A
  1. Function: motor programming of speeach usually only in L hemisphere
  2. lesion: brocas aphasia (imparied speaking and writing)
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12
Q

Inferior frontal gyrus

usually only in R hemisphere/opposite brocas area

A
  1. Function: planning nonverbal communication such as emotional gestures, tone
  2. lesion: difficulty producing nonverbal communication
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13
Q

Lateral prefrontal cortex

function and what would occur with a lesion

A

1. Function:

  • goal-oriented behavior,
  • working memory,
  • judgement, planning,
  • abstract reasoning,
  • divided attention,
  • sequencing activity,
  • self-awareness

2. lesion:

  • loss of goal-oriented behavior,
  • divergent thinking (inability to conceive alternative possibilities) and
  • conscientiousness
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14
Q

Medial prefrontal cortex

A
  1. Function: emotions, self awareness and motivation
  2. lesion: apathy, lack of emotions and insight
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15
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex

A
  1. Function: social behavior and decision making
  2. lesion:disinhibition, lack of concern about consequences, impulsiveness, inappropriate behaviors and emotional lability
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16
Q

Temporoparietal cortex

A
  1. Function: sensory integration, understanding communication, spatial comprehension, verbal and spatial intelligence
  2. lesion: inability to handle new information effectively, difficulty with concrete thinking and generalizing information, personal and spatial neglect, tendency to become upset even with minor changes in routine

L hemisphere = wernicke’s aphasia
R hemisphere = spatial neglect and or difficulty understanding nonverbal communication

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17
Q

Communication disorders

Dysarthria

  • Synonyms:
  • characteristics:
  • Comprehend spoken speech
  • speak fluently
  • produce meaningful language
  • normal use of gramar
  • read
  • write
  • structures involved
A
  • Synonyms: none
  • characteristics: lacks motor control of speech
  • Comprehend spoken speech: yes
  • speak fluently: no
  • produce meaningful language: yes, difficult to understand
  • normal use of gramar: yes
  • read: yes
  • write: yes
  • structures involved: LMN’s or corticobrainstem tract
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18
Q

Communication disorders

Broca’s Aphasia

  • Synonyms:
  • characteristics:
  • Comprehend spoken speech
  • speak fluently
  • produce meaningful language
  • normal use of gramar
  • read
  • write
  • structures involved
A
  • Synonyms: motor expressive or nonfluent aphasia
  • characteristics: grammatical omissions and errors, short phrases, effortful speech
  • Comprehend spoken speech: yes except grammatical function words
  • speak fluently: no
  • produce meaningful language: yes with grammatical words missing
  • normal use of gramar: no
  • read: yes
  • write: no
  • structures involved: Broca’s usually in left hemisphere
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19
Q

Communication disorders

Global aphasia

  • Synonyms:
  • characteristics:
  • Comprehend spoken speech
  • speak fluently
  • produce meaningful language
  • normal use of gramar
  • read
  • write
  • structures involved
A
  • Synonyms: total; aphasia
  • characteristics: cannot speak fluently, cannot communicate verbally, cannot understand language
  • Comprehend spoken speech: no
  • speak fluently: no
  • produce meaningful language: no
  • normal use of gramar: no
  • read: no
  • write: no
  • structures involved: wernick’es area, brocas, area and the intervening cortical and subcortical areas
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20
Q

Communication disorders

Wernicke’s aphasia

  • Synonyms:
  • characteristics:
  • Comprehend spoken speech
  • speak fluently
  • produce meaningful language
  • normal use of gramar
  • read
  • write
  • structures involved
A
  • Synonyms: sensory recepitive or fluent aphasia
  • characteristics: cannot comprehend language; speaks fluently but unintelligibly
  • Comprehend spoken speech: no
  • speak fluently: yes
  • produce meaningful language: No
  • normal use of gramar: no
  • read: no
  • write: no
  • structures involved: wernicke’s area (left side typically)
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21
Q

Communication disorders

Conduction aphasia

  • Synonyms:
  • characteristics:
  • Comprehend spoken speech
  • speak fluently
  • produce meaningful language
  • normal use of gramar
  • read
  • write
  • structures involved
A
  • Synonyms: disconnection aphasia
  • characteristics: understands language, language output has word errors(caption instead of principal)
  • Comprehend spoken speech: yes
  • speak fluently: yes
  • produce meaningful language: usually yes, only in severe cases is it unintelligible
  • normal use of gramar: yes
  • read: yes
  • write: somewhat impaired
  • structures involved: neurons connecting wernicke’s with broca
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22
Q

Working memory

  1. information
  2. location
A
  1. goal-relevant information for a short time
  2. prefrontal and temporoparietal association cortex
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23
Q

Declaritive memory

  1. information
  2. location
A
  1. facts, events concepts and locations
  2. lateral prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe
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24
Q

Procedural memory

  1. information
  2. location
A
  1. Skilled movements and habits
  2. frontal cortex thalamus, and basal ganglion
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25
Q

What structures function in declarative memory processing

A
  • medial temporal lobe
  • medial temporal cortex
  • hippocampus
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26
Q

What strucutres function in perceptual integration

A

temporoparietal assoication cortex

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27
Q

whatstructures are involved

Organization and categorization of information

A
  • lateral prefrontal cortex
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28
Q

Left hemisphere lesion signs and symptoms with

Motor, visual and somatosensory

A
  • hemiparesis
  • hemiplegia
  • hemisensory
  • loss affects right side of body and face and right visual field
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29
Q

Left hemisphere lesion signs and symptoms with

Communication

A
  • difficulty understanding adn producing language
  • aphasia, agraphia and dysarthria
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30
Q

Left hemisphere lesion signs and symptoms with

Spatital comprehension

A
  • normal
31
Q

Left hemisphere lesion signs and symptoms with

Behavior emotions

A
  • cautous behavior
  • hesitant to try new tasks
  • anxiety, depression
  • catastrophic reactions
  • easily frustrated and angered
32
Q

Left hemisphere lesion signs and symptoms with

Intelect, cognitive processing

A
  • impaired because intellect is usually assessed verball
  • loss of linear processing (serial, analytic, logical)
  • tend to neglect details
33
Q

Right hemisphere lesion signs and symptoms with

Motor visual and somatosensory

A
  • hemiparesis or hemiplegia
  • hemisensory loss
  • affecting left side of body, face and visual field
34
Q

Right hemisphere lesion signs and symptoms with

communciation

A

unable to comprehend and produce emotinal content of speech

35
Q

Right hemisphere lesion signs and symptoms with

spatial comprehension

A

left neglect
loss of navigation skills
unable to recognize faces

36
Q

Right hemisphere lesion signs and symptoms with

Behavior emotions

A
  • impulsive behavior
  • unware of deficits
  • overestimate own abilities
  • may drive with devastating results
  • may walk without necessary AD
  • unintentional fabrication of infomration caused be deficits in recognizing errors and memory and by disinhibition
37
Q

Right hemisphere lesion signs and symptoms with

Intellect congitive processing

A
  • loss of holistic processing (pictorial and intuitive
  • tend to only focus on details
  • because language is intact other people may think the person is much more capable than they are
38
Q

Frontal lobe has what areas

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor area
  • supplementary motor
  • brocas area
  • right inferior frontla gyrus
  • lateral prefrontal
  • medial prefrontal
  • ventral prefrontal
39
Q

Parietal lobe has what areas

A
  • primary somatosensory
  • secondary somatosensory
  • parietal association cortex
40
Q

Temporoparietal junction has what areas

A
  • Bilateral temoroparietal junction
  • wenicke’s area
  • right temporopariteal junciton
41
Q

Temporal lobe has what

A
  • primary auditory
  • secondary auditory
  • temporal pole
  • hippocampus and parahippocampus gyrus (declarive memory)
42
Q

Occiptial lobe has what

A
  • primary and secondary visual areas
43
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Nuclei that interpret facial expressions and social signals.
  • Together the amygdala, orbital cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex regulate emotional behaviors and motivation.
  • Located deep to the uncus in the temporal lobe.
44
Q

Assoication areas

A
  • Regions of the cerebral cortex that are not directly involved with sensation or movement.
  • Involved with personality, integration and interpretation of sensations, processing of memory, and generation of emotions.
  • The four association areas are the lateral, ventral and medial prefrontal and temporoparietal
45
Q

Assoication fibers

A

Axons connecting cortical regions within one hemisphere.

46
Q

Assoication nuclei

A
  • Thalamic nuclei that connect reciprocally with large areas of cerebral cortex.
  • Association nuclei are found in the anterior thalamus, medial thalamus, and dorsal tier of the lateral thalamus
47
Q

Brodmann’s area

A

Histologic regions of the cerebral cortex mapped by Brodmann. Often used to designate functional areas.

48
Q

Commisural fibers

A

Axons that connect homologous areas of the nervous system.

49
Q

Contralateral area corresponding to brocas area

A
  • Plans nonverbal communication, including emotional gestures and adjusting the tone of voice.
  • Region of the cerebral cortex inferior to the premotor area and anterior to the face and throat region of the primary motor cortex.
  • Usually in the right hemisphere.
  • Lesion causes monotone voice, inability to effectively communicate nonverbally, and lack of emotional facial expressions and gestures.
50
Q

Epithalamus

A

The major structure of the epithalamus is the pineal gland, an endocrine gland innervated by sympathetic fibers. The pineal gland helps regulate circadian (daily) rhythms and influences the secretions of the pituitary, adrenal, and parathyroid glands.

51
Q

hippocampus

A
  • Part of the declarative memory system.
  • Important in processing, but not storage, of declarative memories.
  • Formed by the gray and white matter of two gyri rolled together in the medial temporal lobe.
52
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The ventromedial part of the diencephalon. Plays a major role in regulation of the autonomic and endocrine systems and contributes to emotional and motivational states

53
Q

Projection fibers

A

Axons that connect subcortical structures to the cortex and axons that connect the cerebral cortex with subcortical strucutres

54
Q

relay nuclei

A
  • Thalamic nuclei that receive specific information and serve as relay stations by sending the information directly to localized areas of cerebral cortex.
  • All relay nuclei are found in the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group.
55
Q

Subthalamus

A
  • Part of the basal ganglia circuit that is involved in regulating movement.
  • The subthalamus facilitates the basal ganglia output nuclei and is located superior to the substantia nigra of the midbrain.
56
Q

Temoroparietal assoication cortex

A

Part of the cerebral cortex devoted to intelligence, problem solving, and comprehension of communication and spatial relationships. Located at the junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

57
Q

Thalamus

A

Groups of nuclei deep in the cerebrum. Three groups of nuclei: (1) relay information to the cerebral cortex; (2) process emotional, memory, and sensory information; (3) regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention

58
Q

Ventral striatum

A
  • Group of neurons located at the junction of the head of the caudate and the anterior part of the putamen. - Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction.
  • Also essential for initiating locomotion
59
Q

Agnosia

A

General term for the inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense, even though discriminative ability with that sense is intact. Specific types of agnosia include astereognosis, visual agnosia, and auditory agnosia.

60
Q

Agraphia

A

Diminished or lost ability to produce written language

61
Q

Alien hand syndrome

A

Involuntary, uncontrollable movement of the upper limb. The limb may elevate when the person is walking, may unintentionally grasp objects, and may interfere with movements of the unaffected hand.

62
Q

Alexia

A

Diminished or lost ability to comprehend written language

63
Q

Aphasia

A

Disorder of language expression or comprehension. Deficit in the ability to produce understandable speech and writing or the ability to understand written and spoken language

64
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to perform a movement or sequence of movements, despite intact sensation, automatic motor output, and understanding of the task

65
Q

Astereognosis

A

Inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation, despite intact discriminative somatosensation.

66
Q

Dysarthria

A
  • Speech disorder resulting from paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of muscles used for speaking.
  • Due to upper or lower motor neuron lesions or muscle dysfunction.
  • Comprehension of spoken language, writing, and reading are not affected by dysarthria.
  • Two types of dysarthria: (1) spastic, due to damage of upper motor neurons and (2) flaccid, resulting from damage to lower motor neurons or muscles.
67
Q

Flaccid Dysarthria

A

Breathy, soft, imprecise speech caused by damage to lower motor neurons in cranial nerves 9, 10, and/or 12.

68
Q

Motor Perservation

A

uncontrollable repetition of a movement

69
Q

optic ataxia

A

Inability to use visual information to direct movements, despite intact ability to visually identify and describe objects.

70
Q

Paraphasia

A

Use of unintended words or phrases, ranging from word substitution to the use of nonsensical, unrecognizable words.

71
Q

pusher syndrome

A

Powerful pushing away from the less paretic side in sitting and during transfers, standing, and walking. Syn.: lateropulsion. Occurs with lesions to posterior thalamus.

72
Q

Spastic dysarthria

A

harsh awkard speech caused by UMN lesion

73
Q

Thalamic pain syndrome

A

Severe contralateral pain that may occur with or without provoking external stimuli, occurs only rarely following a thalamic lesion

74
Q

visual angosia

A

Inability to recognize objects visually, despite intact vision.

Neuromuscular PT 1 (32 decks)

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