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Neuromuscular PT 1 > The brain Stem > Flashcards

The brain Stem Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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2
Q

autonomic tracts in the brainstem

A
  • sympathetic: no modified-strictly passes through
  • parasympathetic: axons synpase with parasympathetic nuclei OR pass through
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3
Q

What are the longitudinal sections of the brainstem

A
  • basilar section
  • tegmentum
  • tectum
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4
Q

Basilar section

general

A
  • motor
  • in the anterior portion of the brainstem
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5
Q

Generally

what is the tegmentum section

as general functions

A
  • posterior
  • sensory and crainial nerve portions
  • adjusts general level of neural activity
  • integrates sensory information and cranial nerve function
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6
Q

generally

what is the tectum section

A
  • midbrain ONLY
  • eye reflexes and reflexive head movements
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7
Q

What does the basilar section primarily contain

A

motor system structures such as

  • descending cortical axons/tracts - motor tracts
  • motor nuclei
  • pontocerebellar axons
  • penduncles connect pons to cerebellum (white matter)
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8
Q

what does the tegmentum contain

A
  • sensory nuceli
  • ascending sensory tracts
  • cranial nerve nuclei (sensory and motor)
  • reticular formation
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
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9
Q

What does the tectum contain

A
  • only found in midbrain
  • structures involved in reflex control of eye and head movement
  • pretectal area
  • superior colliculus
  • inferior colliculus
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10
Q

What does the pretectal area do

A
  • pupilary light/consenual reflex
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11
Q

What does the superior colliculus do

A
  • eyes to sound
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12
Q

What does the inferior colliculus do

A
  • attention to sound
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13
Q

What is the reticular formation and what are the main functions

A

complex neural network

functions:

  • modulates nociceptive information
  • inhibits pain perception
  • enhances pain perception - if you should be paying attention to the pain

Regulates:

  • somatic motor activity
  • autonomic function (HR, breathing)
  • consciousness
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14
Q

What is the reticular nuceli

made of

A
  • ventral tegmental area
  • pedunculopontine nucleus
  • locus coeruleus
  • raphe nuclei
  • each area releases a NT that has a specific role and are slow acting
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15
Q

Reticular nuclei

ventral tegmental area

A
  • found in midbrain
  • Neurotransmitter: dopamine
  • projects to cerebral areas responsible for motivation, decision making, pleasure/reward
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16
Q

Reticular nuclei

what is the ventral tegmental area involved in

A
  • dopamin released
  • addiction to amphetamines, cocaine, morphine,
  • schizophrenia: perception disorder
  • obesity: food addiction
17
Q

Reticular nuclei

Pedunculopontine nucleus

A
  • midbrain
  • projects to cerebral cortex and thalamus
  • influences movement
  • neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
  • involved in parkinsons and freezing of gait
18
Q

Reticular nuclei

locus coeruleus

A
  • active when person is attentive/inactive during sleep
  • ability to direct attention
  • direct inhibition of spinothalamic neurons conveying pain information
  • regulation of autonomic functions
  • neurotransmitter: norepinephrine
19
Q

Reticular nuclei

raphe nuclei

A
  • midline down length of brainstem
  • projects to cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord
  • neurotransmitter: serotonin

functions:

  • mood
  • modulate neural activity in spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum
  • descending pain inhibition
20
Q

vital function control

what do the areas in the medulla regulate

A
  • heart rate
  • respiration
  • vasoconstriction/vasodilation
21
Q

vital function control

what do areas in the pons regulate

A
  • respiration
22
Q

conscioudness

what is consciousness

A
  • awareness of self and surroundings
  • consciousness system governs alertness, sleep attention
23
Q

consciousness

what are the brainstem components of consciousness system

A
  • reticular formation and ascending reticular activating system
  • project to cerebral components of consciousness system
24
Q

medulla structures

inferior olivary nucleus

A
  • located in medulla
  • receives input from motor area in brain and spinal cord
  • projects to cerebellum via olivocerebellar tract
  • neurons are important for motor learning and timing and control of ongoing movement
25
Q

medulla structures

solitary nucleus

A
  • medulla
  • relay station for taste
  • taste from CN 7 and 9 afferents
  • autonmic afferents from CNs 9 and 10
26
Q

What is the major difference between upper and lower medulla

A
  • lower medulla has the pyrmids
  • more cranial nerves are located in the upper medulla
27
Q

functions of the medulla

A

coordinates:

  • cardiovascular control
  • breathing
  • head movement
  • swallowing

CN nuclei

  • IX through XII
  • eye movements and head movements in MLF
28
Q

Medial medullar syndrome

What can cause it? typical presentation

A
  • occlusion of ASA or vertebral arteries
  • contralateral UE/LE weakness (motor tracts)
  • contralateral decreased position and vibration sense (medial lemniscus)
  • ipsilateral tongue weakness (CN XII)
29
Q

Lateral medullary syndrome

A
  • wallenbergs syndrome
  • PICA syndrome
  • ipsilateral ataxia
  • ipsilateral leaning
  • vertigo, nausea, vomiting
  • decreased pain and temperature on ipsilateral face
  • dysphagia/dysphonia CN XII
30
Q

The pons

A
  • between midbrain and medulla
  • most vertical tracts pass through pons
31
Q

what tracts DO NOT pass through pons

A
  • corticopontine tracts: synpase on pontine nuclei, axons form pontocerebellar tracts
  • corticobrainstem: synpase with trigemeninal motor nucleus, fascial nucleus
32
Q

Structures in the pons

A
  • descending cortical tracts: corticospinal, corticobrainstem, corticopontine
  • pontine nuclei: pontocerebellar axons
  • spinal nucleus and tract CN V-VIII
33
Q

What is the major difference between the upper and lower pons

A
  • upper CN 5
  • lower CN 6-8
34
Q

functions of the pons

A
  • process motor information from cerebral cortex via cerebral penuncle
  • forwards information to the cerebellum
  • processes sensory information from face
  • controls muscles of mastication, eye, abduction, fascial expression (CN V-VII)
35
Q

Common dysfunctions in the pons

A
  • medial pontine syndrome similar to medial medullary syndrome
  • lateral pontine syndrome similar to lateral medullar syndrome
  • anterior pons/basilar artery = locked in syndromes
36
Q

functions of the midbrain

A
  • postural control
  • control of all eye movements except abduction
  • occular reflex control
  • orient head to sight and sound
37
Q

what are the main symptoms of brainstem dysfunction

A

four Ds

  • dysphagia: difficulty swallowing
  • Dysarthria: difficulty speaking
  • Diploplia: double vision
  • Dysmetria: lacing coordination of movement

Neuromuscular PT 1 (32 decks)

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