Science 7-1 > CGI > Flashcards

CGI Flashcards

(64 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is DNA?

A

A molecule found in every cell that contains all the instructions to build and maintain that organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the building block of DNA called?

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a memorable way to remember what nitrogenous bases go together?

A

The sharp letters, AT go together while the round ones, CG go together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869
Swiss physician/biologist
Names “nuclein”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who discovered heredity?

A

Gregor Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are two things that Rosalind Franklin discovered about DNA?

A
  1. DNA has a helical structure
  2. The sugar phosphate backbone is on the outside of the DNA structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why didn’t Rosalind Franklin win the Nobel Prize with James Watson and Francis Crick?

A

Because she was dead, possibly due to the fact that her X-ray defraction technology exposed her to dangerous amounts of radiation, and even though she made efforts to protect herself she still died at 37

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A
  1. Phosphate
  2. A sugar
  3. Nitrogenous base
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does a nucleotide look like?

A

A pentagon in the middle(deoxyribose)
A circle with a P in it(phosphate) connected to the pentagon by a line
A square(nitrogenous base) connected to the pentagon by a line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What’s the difference between heredity and DNA?

A

DNA is the physical material that holds the genetic information

Heredity is the CONCEPT of passing down the genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the complementary strand to this sequence strand of DNA:
TACAATCGGGTACCGATT

A

ATGTTAGCCCATGGCTAA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What did James Watson and Francis Crick do/discover?

A

They helped discover DNA’s structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who was Rosalind Franklin?

A

Chemist who specialized in x-ray crystallography
Took photos that proved DNA’s structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happened with Watson and Crick in 1953?

A

They publish their DNA model, the double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was the most famous picture Rosalind Franklin took?

A

Photo 51

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happened with Watson and Crick in 1962?

A

They get the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Rosalind’s lab manager, Maurice Wilkins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What did James Watson do(job-wise)?

A

He was a chemist/geneticist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did Francis Crick do(job-wise)?

A

He was a physicist/molecular biologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a “complementary pair” in DNA?

A

It is when 2 sequence strands “match” when their nitrogenous bases pair with each other(AT, CG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a “sequence strand” in DNA?

A

It is a specific chain of the letters(A,T,C,G) of the nitrogenous bases in DNA. It holds the genetic information

ex. ATTCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What part of the nucleotide makes up the “code” used in DNA and RNA?

A

The nitrogenous base(s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is an amino acid?
The building block of protein
26
What is a monomer?
A building block
27
What is a codon?
3 nitrogenous bases that code for an amino acid. example: if you have the sequence/complementary strand ATCGTG, then ATC and GTG are codons, but NOT something like CGT. There are only two codons here, and they are ATC and GTG.
28
What are the three structural differences between RNA and DNA?
1. RNA is single-stranded, DNA is a double helix. 2. RNA's sugar is ribose, which has one more oxygen atom than deoxyribose, the sugar in DNA. 3. RNA's fourth nitrogenous base is Uracil, while DNA has Thymine instead of Uracil.
29
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that provides the information for making a particular protein.
30
What is mRNA?
Stands for messenger RNA A complementary strand of RNA made from a gene. It transports this information to ribosomes. Like the complementary strand in DNA, but with U instead of T Main part of the "transcription" process
31
What happens during transcription? Where does transcription take place?
During transcription, a mRNA molecule is made from a DNA template Transcription occurs in the nucleus.
32
What is tRNA?
It stands for transfer RNA It is attached to an amino acid, and has an anticodon to match to a codon to know where to transfer its amino acid.
33
How do the mRNA and the tRNA work together to get the right sequence of amino acids?
tRNA has an anticodon, which is complementary to the codon that mRNA, that has the copy of the DNA, carries. The codons ensure that the right tRNA latch onto them, so they drop off the correct amino acid.
34
What is an anticodon?
Basically, if a codon is a sequence strand, an anticodon is the complementary strand.
35
What happens during translation? Where does it take place?
During translation, a ribosome reads an mRNA sequence a codon at a time. Each codon codes for an amino acid. Takes place in the ribosome.
36
Which amino acid does protein-building always start with?
Methionine
37
How does the ribosome know when to stop the construction of the protein(because it's complete)?
When the codon codes for, instead of another amino acid, a stop.
38
Why is it called the Central Dogma?
Because it Is the backbone of belief or understanding about the process from DNA --> RNA --> Protein, which is universal to all life.
39
What is a trait?
An observable characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring.
40
What is heredity?
The CONCEPT of passing down traits from biological parents to offspring through genes.
41
What did Gregor Mendel study? What did he find out?
Traits in pea plants There were 7 different Mendelian traits in pea plants
42
What is a Mendelian trait?
A trait in which there are only two possible alleles and one allele is dominant over the other.
43
What do "recessive and dominant" mean in traits?
If you have dominant plus recessive you get dominant.
44
What is an allele?
A different form of a gene Ex: Gene = eyecolor Alleles = brown, blue, green, hazel, etc eyes Clarification: It's the actual genetic code that codes for say, hazel eyes, not the hazel eyes themselves. That's the phenotype.
45
What is a diploid organism?
An organism that has two copies of each gene, with one coming from each parent. So, each parent contributes one allele.
46
What is a genotype?
The alleles an organism has
47
What is a phenotype?
The physical expression of a gene or allele
48
Phenotype is determined by ______
Genotype
49
What is the RNA transcription of TACCCCGATTCGGTACATACT
AUGGGGCUAAGCCAUGUAUGA
50
What is the relationship between traits, genes, heredity and DNA?
Genes are segments of DNA, and genes code for traits. These traits are passed down in the phenomenon known as heredity.
51
What kind of biomolecule do genes code for?
Proteins
52
Why to egg and sperm cells contain half of the chromosomes your body cells have?
Because due to heredity, you'll inherit all those chromosomes in order to get the right amount of chromosomes.
53
How do you know what letter to use to represent an allele in the Punnett Square? (for Mendelian traits)
You use the capital first letter of the dominant allele, and the lowercase one for the recessive one.
54
What does homozygous mean?
It means that the alleles are the same Homo means same
55
What does heterozygous mean?
It means that the alleles are different Hetero means different
56
What's the difference between phenotype and genotype?
Genotype is the alleles an organism has, but phenotype is the physical expression of a gene. The genotype lays out the possibilities for what the phenotype could be.
57
What is codominance?
When two or more alleles have dominance in a gene. When an organism has two codominant alleles, both alleles are expressed
58
How do you tell what letter(s) to use for the alleles in codominant alleles(in codominance)
With a superscript, with the first letter being the capital first letter of the trait(for example if it were feather color, it would be F for the first letter). Then, for the superscript, you would write the capital first letter of the dominant allele(so if it were black feathers, it'd be B for the superscript). Using the example of black feathers, you'd get F^B ^=superscript
59
How can you tell what letter to use for a recessive allele in codominance?
Lowercase letter of the trait For example, if the allele was blue feathers, that means the gene is feather color, so you'd get f.
60
If someone has blood type O(recessive in codominance), what is their genotype?
bb because there can't be a dominant one, otherwise it wouldn't be recessive
61
If someone has blood type A(dominant in codominance), what is/could be their genotype?
B^A B^A or B^A b because since it's dominant, it could have the recessive one as well ^=superscript
62
If someone has type O blood, is it possible for them to have a child with AB blood?
No, because their genotype is bb, and you need both parents to have at least one of the dominant traits, but they only have the recessive one.
62
If someone has blood type B(dominant in codominance), what is/could be their genotype?
B^B B^B or B^B b because since it's dominant, it could have the recessive one as well ^=superscript
62
If someone has blood type AB(the codominant allele in codominance), what is/could be their genotype?
B^B B^A because since it's the codominant trait, and you can only get that by having both dominant blood types. ^=superscript
Science 7-1
flashcards
Decks in class (1)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions