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Z Fall 2024 > Ch 02 Genetic, Prenatal and Perinatal Health > Flashcards

Ch 02 Genetic, Prenatal and Perinatal Health Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

active genotype-environment correlation

A

event in which individuals select particular environments or experiences based on their genotype

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2
Q

age of viability

A

age at which a fetus born prematurely (before the thirty-seventh week of pregnancy) may have a chance of survival outside the womb, usually with intensive medical intervention

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3
Q

amniocentesis

A

test in which a needle is inserted through the mother’s abdomen to take a sample of the amniotic fluid and look for chromosomal disorders and some types of genetic defects

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4
Q

allele

A

variant of a gene

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5
Q

Apgar test

A

test administered to a newborn one minute after delivery and again at five minutes after delivery to assess their condition after birth; detects major abnormalities

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6
Q

attachment

A

the emotional connection a child feels toward their caregiver based on consistency and quality of care

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7
Q

autosome

A

chromosome in the nucleus that is not a sex chromosome

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8
Q

behavioral genetics

A

interdisciplinary field that focuses on the study of heredity-behavior relationships

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9
Q

blastocyst

A

small cluster of a few hundred cells formed shortly after conception

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10
Q

bonding

A

one-way relationship consisting of a caregiver’s emotional connection to the infant

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11
Q

cephalocaudal growth

A

growth that occurs from head to feet, allowing a fetus to grow longer

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12
Q

cesarean birth

A

medical procedure in which a doctor makes an incision in a birth mother’s abdomen and uterus to deliver the fetus and placenta

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13
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

prenatal test that uses a placental tissue sample to determine whether chromosomal or genetic disorders are present in the fetus

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14
Q

chromosome

A

strand of the DNA sequence in the nucleus of an individual’s cells that carries genes transmitting hereditary information

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15
Q

codominant trait

A

characteristic observed when two different alleles are expressed at the same time

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16
Q

congenital disorder

A

any abnormality present at birth

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17
Q

dizygotic twins

A

(or fraternal) twins that occur when two ova are fertilized at the same time

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18
Q

DNA (also, deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

molecule that contains an individual’s genetic information

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19
Q

DNA methylation

A

process whereby methyl groups are added to or removed from DNA, potentially causing changes in gene expression

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20
Q

embryonic period

A

second developmental period of pregnancy, during which the blastocyst becomes an embryo and organogenesis begins

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21
Q

failure to thrive

A

situation in which a premature infant’s height and weight are below the third percentile

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22
Q

evocative (or reactive) genotype-environment correlation

A

event in which an individual’s genetically influenced traits elicit an environmental response

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23
Q

fetal period

A

last developmental period of pregnancy, during which the fetus grows quickly

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24
Q

gene

A

hereditary unit composed of a specific DNA sequence that occupies a specific location along a chromosome in an individual

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25
gamete
sex cell, the ovum or sperm, that carries twenty-three chromosomes
26
genome
complete sequence of an organism’s DNA
27
genotype
individual’s particular genetic composition of alleles at specific locations
28
genotype × environment interaction
event that occurs when the expression of a genotype depends on the environment
29
germinal period
first developmental period of pregnancy, when conception occurs and the blastocyst travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus
30
heterozygous
trait in which an individual receives different alleles from each biological parent for a given trait
31
homozygous
trait in which an individual receives identical alleles from each biological parent for a given trait
32
hormone
chemical released by glands that controls and regulates bodily functions
33
implantation
process in which a blastocyst embeds within the uterus
34
incomplete dominance
form of genetic expression in which both inherited alleles are partially expressed
35
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
form of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in which a fertilized egg is transferred into a uterus for implantation
36
infertility
inability to successfully conceive after one year of trying
37
low birth weight
birth weight less than 5 lb 8 oz
38
mass-to-specific growth
growth in which large movements and structures develop before smaller or more specified movements and structures
39
meiosis
type of cell division that occurs during gamete production and results in their containing only one member of each chromosome pair
40
mitosis
type of cell division in which a cell duplicates itself and its DNA
41
monozygotic twins
(or identical) twins that occur when a zygote splits into two clusters of cells, creating two genetically identical zygotes
42
multifactorial inheritance
phenotype resulting from multiple genetic and environmental factors
43
natural childbirth
a childbirth method using nonpharmaceutical techniques to help minimize pain and the need for medical intervention for the birth mother
44
neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)
test assessing a newborn’s neurological and physical health, typically given three to four days after birth
45
ovary
part of the female reproductive system that releases eggs (ova)
46
oxytocin
hormone that helps initiate labor and plays a role in forming bonds with others
47
parental leave
policies that allow parents to take time off work, often paid, to care for a newborn for a period of time
48
passive genotype-environment correlation
event that occurs when parents provide offspring with both genes and environment
49
phenotype
observable expression of someone’s genome
50
placenta
a temporary organ connecting the uterus to the umbilical cord that provides respiration and nourishment for the embryo in addition to eliminating metabolic wastes
51
pleiotropy
most common form of genetic expression in which one gene influences multiple traits
52
polygenic trait
trait influenced by several genes
53
preterm (premature/preemie) infant
any infant born before thirty-seven weeks’ gestation and weighing less than 5.5 lb
54
proximodistal growth
growth that occurs from the center of the body outward
55
recessive trait
trait that requires two identical alleles to be expressed
56
single-gene disorder
condition caused by variation in a single gene
57
spontaneous abortion
(also, miscarriage) loss of a pregnancy during the first twenty weeks
58
teratogen
disease, drug, or environmental agent that can harm an embryo or fetus physically or influence health or behavior after birth
59
testes
parts of the male reproductive system that help create and sustain sperm
60
umbilical cord
a flexible tube connecting the embryo and the placenta
61
urethra
part of the human reproductive system that, in males, transports and releases sperm
62
uterus
part of the female reproductive system where a fertilized egg implants to develop
63
vagina
muscular canal that connects the uterus to the outside of the female body
64
vas deferens
tube that transports sperm from the testes to the urethra
65
vulva
external aspects of the female reproductive system including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening
66
zygote
single cell formed at conception and consisting of forty-six chromosomes, twenty-three from each parent
67
organogenesis
the formation of organs during the embryonic period
68
fallopian tube
part of the female reproductive system where egg is released and through which it travels to reach the uterus
69
dominant trait
characteristic observed when only one copy of the allele is needed to express a phenotype
70
contraception
method used to reduce chances of conception
71
chromosomal disorder
condition that occurs with an incorrect number of chromosomes or results from structural abnormalities of the chromosome
72
conception
union of sperm and ovum (egg)

Z Fall 2024 (34 decks)

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