Ch 03 Physical and Cognitive Development (0-3)

Question 1

A not B error

Answer 1

error in which an infant searches for an object in the original rather than the new hiding place

Question 2

accommodation

Answer 2

process by which we alter an existing schema to fit new information

Question 3

assimilation

Answer 3

process by which we incorporate new information into an existing schema

Question 4

babbling

Answer 4

repeated sequence of consonant-vowel sounds

Question 5

biopsychosocial

Answer 5

change influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors

Question 6

child-directed speech

Answer 6

speech with a sing-song intonation, simple words, and exaggerated pronunciation

Question 7

circular reaction

Answer 7

repeated movement observed during the sensorimotor stage

Question 8

co-sleeping

Answer 8

practice in which caregivers share a bed or a room with the infant or toddler

Question 9

cooing

Answer 9

deliberate generation of vowel sounds

Question 10

deferred imitation

Answer 10

repetition of a behavior after some time has passed

Question 11

dynamic systems theory

Answer 11

theory that developmental behaviors and milestones are the result of interactions between systems, including those within the individual

Question 12

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 12

test that measures electrical activity in the brain

Question 13

explicit memory

Answer 13

type of memory that we consciously try to remember and recall

Question 14

expressive style

Answer 14

use of language for social reasons, to express feelings and needs

Question 15

fast mapping

Answer 15

process by which children quickly connect words and their meanings

Question 16

fine motor skills

Answer 16

coordinated movements performed by small muscles to manipulate and control objects or perform precise tasks like reaching for and grasping an object

Question 17

frontal lobe

Answer 17

portion of the brain that controls thinking, planning, memory, and judgment

Question 18

gray matter

Answer 18

outer layer of the brain

Question 19

gross motor skills

Answer 19

voluntary movements that rely on large muscle groups and typically activate the arms, legs, head, and torso

Question 20

growth chart

Answer 20

chart used to identify typical weight, height, and head circumference for boys and girls

Question 21

habituation

Answer 21

decreased interest in and response to repeatedly presented stimuli

Question 22

holophrase

Answer 22

speech that uses a single word to express an idea

Question 23

implicit memory

Answer 23

type of memory that is not part of our consciousness

Question 24

infant mortality

Answer 24

death before the age of one year

Question 25

infinite generativity

Answer 25

capacity to create an unlimited number of meaningful messages

Question 26

interactionist approach

Answer 26

approach to language development highlighting the complex interactions between the biological readiness of children and the environment in which they are raised

Question 27

intermodal perception

Answer 27

awareness of the world gained through multiple senses at the same time

Question 28

kwashiorkor

Answer 28

severe malnutrition, with a loss of appetite and swelling of the abdomen as the body breaks down organs as a source of protein

Question 29

language

Answer 29

communication system that uses words and rules to allow the transmission of information between individuals

Question 30

lateralization

Answer 30

process in which different functions become localized to one side of the brain

Question 31

learning approach

Answer 31

approach to language development that highlights the contribution of caregivers

Question 32

long-term memory

Answer 32

relatively permanent storage of information

Question 33

marasmus

Answer 33

starvation due to lack of calories and protein

Question 34

morpheme

Answer 34

smallest meaningful unit of language

Question 35

myelination

Answer 35

process by which the axon develops the myelin sheath

Question 36

nativist approach

Answer 36

approach to language development asserting that humans are born with the innate ability to learn language and that experience plays a very limited role

Question 37

neurogenesis

Answer 37

development of new neurons

Question 38

neuron

Answer 38

cell in the brain that sends messages

Question 39

NREM

Answer 39

non–rapid eye movement sleep, characterized by slowed heart rate and respiration

Question 40

object permanence

Answer 40

ability to recognize that an object exists even when we cannot observe it

Question 41

occipital lobe

Answer 41

portion of the brain that processes visual information

Question 42

overextension

Answer 42

tendency of young children to use words to inappropriately name something else

Question 43

parietal lobe

Answer 43

portion of the brain that processes sensory information such as touch and spatial awareness

Question 44

perception

Answer 44

interpretation of sensory information

Question 45

phoneme

Answer 45

smallest unit of sound

Question 46

plasticity

Answer 46

brain’s ability to change, physically and chemically, in response to environmental input and to compensate for injury

Question 47

prefrontal cortex

Answer 47

front of the frontal lobe that regulates emotions and is involved in planning and judgment

Question 48

referential style

Answer 48

use of language to talk about objects and things

Question 49

reflex

Answer 49

involuntary movement in response to a stimulation

Question 50

REM

Answer 50

rapid eye movement sleep, sometimes called active sleep

Question 51

schema

Answer 51

a mental framework used to organize and interpret information

Question 52

sensation

Answer 52

detection of sensory stimuli

Question 53

sensorimotor development

Answer 53

first stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development theory, focused on children’s early experiences of the world

Question 54

smell

Answer 54

perception of odors via the nose and part of olfactory system

Question 55

social referencing

Answer 55

process in which children use information from another to determine their own response

Question 56

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 56

death of a healthy infant that is sudden and unexpected and cannot be explained

Question 57

sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)

Answer 57

death from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), accidental suffocation or strangulation, or an unknown cause

Question 58

sustained attention

Answer 58

extended focus on an activity or stimulus

Question 59

symbolic thought

Answer 59

ability to mentally represent objects, people, or events that are not present

Question 60

synapse

Answer 60

gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released from the axon to the dendrite of the next neuron

Question 61

synaptic pruning

Answer 61

process by which unused connections of neurons die off

Question 62

synaptogenesis

Answer 62

process in which neurons connect with other, nearby neurons

Question 63

taste

Answer 63

perception of flavor from receptors in mouth and tongue

Question 64

telegraphic speech

Answer 64

speech that uses few words and does not rely on grammar rules

Question 65

temporal lobe

Answer 65

portion of the brain associated with hearing and language

Question 66

underextension

Answer 66

tendency of young children to inappropriately restrict the use of a word

Question 67

undernutrition

Answer 67

intake of inadequate calories and/or nutrition

Question 68

universal listener

Answer 68

infant who can distinguish the sounds of both native and non-native languages

Question 69

visual cliff

Answer 69

test of depth perception that uses a table with the appearance of a drop-off from a shallow to deep surface

Question 70

white matter

Answer 70

brain matter composed of many bundles of axons that connect neurons to different regions with functional circuits/pathways