Ch. 1

Question 1

What are three domains?

Answer 1

biosocial ( physical growth)
cognitive ( mental growth)
psychosocial (relationship growth)

Question 2

What is a theory?

Answer 2

A theory is a based upon a hypothesis and backed by evidence. A theory presents a concept or idea that is testable.

Question 3

Freud’s Theory

Answer 3

He believed in the Id, Ego & Super Ego. He believed in the 5 developmental psychosexual stages:

Oral (1st year of life)
Anal (2nd year of life)
Phallic (3 yrs - 5 yrs)
Latency (5 years) 
Genital  (puberty +)

Question 4

Erikson’s Theory

Answer 4

He believed there 8 stages of development

Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 yr)
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1 yrs - 3 yrs)
Initiative vs Guilt (3 yrs to 6 yrs)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 yrs to 12 yrs)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 yrs to 20 yrs)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)

Question 5

Piaget’s Theory

Answer 5

He believed there were 4 stages of development

Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 yrs)
Preoperational thought (2 yrs to 7 yrs)
Concrete Operational Thought (7 yrs to 12 yrs)
Formal operational thought ( 12 yrs +)

Question 6

Classical Conditioning

Answer 6

pairing a behavior with an event (Pavlov and the dog)

Question 7

Operant Conditioning

Answer 7

a random behavior coinciding with reinforcement (a child misbehaves, putting him in time out)

Question 8

Social Learning Conditioning

Answer 8

learning from observation

Question 9

Brofenbrenner

Answer 9

Described all developments - including personality - as a functional proximal process. These are reciprocal interactions between an active evolving person, objects and symbols. These process are modified by more distal processes. The quality and effectiveness of the immediate environment and it’s response to the individual particular needs and characteristics and the opportunities it provides - depend on the larger context.

Question 10

Nature vs. Nurture

Answer 10

Both influence most behavioral outcomes, primarily focused on one or the other ; based on personal interest, theoretical bias and practical limitations

Question 11

Critical periods

Answer 11

whether the organism is able to develop or learn any new sill at any time with the right opportunities, from 1 - 5 years

Question 12

Plasticity

Answer 12

referring to the changes in neural connections as a consequence of developmental processes

Question 13

continuity

Answer 13

refers to the question whether development is solely and evenly continuious or marked by significant periods… this one is described as a smooth process without sharp or distinct stages

Question 14

discontinuity

Answer 14

describes development as a series of discrete stages