Ch. 3

Question 1

Neurulation

Answer 1

signals the beginning of central nervous system’s development

Question 2

What are the 3 major structures of the brain?

Answer 2

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

Question 3

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Answer 3

frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe

Question 4

What is a neuron?

Answer 4

Neuron: nerve cells that become the building blocks for brain

Question 5

What is the structure of a neuron?

Answer 5

structure is composed of a cell body with a long extension, or axon, which is like a cable attached to a piece of electronic equipment

Question 6

How do neurons communicate with each other?

Answer 6

the process of sending and receiving electrochemical messages through synaptic gap (ex. Serotonin, acetylcholine, glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine, and dopamine)

Question 7

How neurons joined together?

Answer 7

Neurons are joined together via their synaptic connections into groups called circuits, which are part of larger organizations of neurons (such as visual and olfactory systems)

Question 8

COGNITIVE: Piaget’s Theory

Adaption:

Answer 8

the process by which the human mind constructs

Question 9

Assimilation:

Answer 9

the process of interpreting new stimulation

Question 10

Accommodation

Answer 10

the adaptation process by which existing its knowledge, both assimilating new information to existing knowledge structures or understandings, and accommodating those structures to create a better fit to what is new information as fitting with what one already knows, sometimes distorting the new information as a result knowledge structures are modified somewhat when an individual is exposed to new information

– in order for on to accommodate (learn) one must be able to assimilate

Question 11

Schema:

Answer 11

organized pattern of thought or behavior

Question 12

SENSIORMOTOR STAGE:

Intermodal perception:

Answer 12

(aka intersensory integration aka cross-modal matching), the notion that the sense are already somewhat related very early in infancy, perhaps at birth, and that when babies perceive an object in one way, they can construct some notion of the object’s other perceptual characteristics

o Appears later in infancy – after babies have learned to coordinate their reflexive responses to stimulation

Question 13

• Object permanence:

Answer 13

object exists apart from the perceiver coordinate their reflexive responses to stimulation

The fact that objects has a separate existence from the perceiver, that is, they continue to exist even when no one perceives them

Starts late 1st year of life but gradually improves

Question 14

• Recognition:

Answer 14

remembering in the sense of knowing that information currently available to the sense has been previously experienced

o Ability to differentiate between experiences that are new and Improves throughout infancy
o Duration of recognition increases with age and speed with experiences that we have had before which babies habituate increases as well

Question 15

• Recall:

Answer 15

ability to bring to mind an experience that has happened in the past

o Later in infancy
o Thinking that involves mental representations, such as forming
o Indictor: deferred imitation – children observe the actions mental images of another on one occasion, and then imitate those actions sometime later (begins around baby’s 2nd year)

Question 16

Preoperational stage:

• Egocentrism:

Answer 16

preschool age (3-4)

o Can think about only one thing at a time, they are centered on their own perspective and have no awareness of the possibility of a different perspective

o Often evident in young children’s encounters with others

o Believing that someone else can see something because you can or believing that because you can’t see someone else they can’t see you

o Understanding the world according to yourself

Question 17

LANGUAGE: Phonology

Answer 17

sound system of language

Question 18

• Semantics:

Answer 18

when children learn language they are learning which

Question 19

Syntax

Answer 19

learning to produce sentences that make sense

Question 20

Pragmatics

Answer 20

use of language effectively to communicate
o Bear – animal; bare – lack of Ë same phonology but different semantics

o Begins before both words and word parts express what meanings

o Arranging sounds in a way that is socially acceptable and make sense

Question 21

At What age do children begin to recognize language?

Answer 21

o By age 5

Question 22

What is the correct terminology for language used in and out of the home?

Answer 22

o Communication use of language in socially accepted norms (formal vs. informal/familiar)

Question 23

Vygotsky: • Egocentric speech:

Answer 23

speech of self, a use of language typical of preschoolers that has no apparent communicative function

• Private speech: internal speech, when people talk aloud to themselves

Question 24

Who argued that Egocentric speech had no purpose?

Answer 24

Piaget

Question 25

What purposes did Vygotsky say Egocentric speech had?

Answer 25

argued that it is the precursor of inner speech and important for problem solving, planning, and self-control

Question 26

Private speech

Answer 26

internal speech, when people talk aloud to themselves o Spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self- regulation of behavior

Question 27

Inner speech:

Answer 27

internal, subvocal dialogue that Vygotsky’s theory facilitates thinking Internal dialogue that facilitates thinking