ch 1 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
deviance
A
somethings that differs from society’s ideas about the proper way to function
2
Q
What are the 4 D’s ?
A
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
3
Q
distress
A
behavior, ideas, and emotions have to cause distress before being considered abnormal
4
Q
dysfunction
A
interferes with daily functioning
5
Q
danger
A
may be dangerous to self/others
6
Q
clinical criteria for abnormality
A
- maladaptive to self + society
- is behavior/characteristic in the DSM-5
7
Q
Prehistorical treatments
A
abnormality was believed to be caused by evil spirits so they would perform an exorcism and a trephination (drilled hole in skull)
8
Q
Greek + Roman views
A
illnesses had physical causes
9
Q
humeral theory of disorders
A
normal brain functioning was related to four humors: blood, black bile, yellow bite, and phlegm
10
Q
sanguine (blood)
A
optimism, insomnia
11
Q
melancholic
A
depressive personality (too much black bile in the brain)
12
Q
phlegmatic personality
A
apathy/calm under stress
13
Q
choleric person (yellow bile)
A
hot tempered
14
Q
treatment for imbalance of 4 humors
A
bloodletting
15
Q
bloodletting
A
extraction of blood from patient’s to restore the balance of humors in body
16
Q
middle ages
A
exorcism of evil spirits
17
Q
Renaissance
A
having a mental disorder meant you were sick (somatogenic), so one would get sent to an asylum
18
Q
19th century
A
moral treatment which had humane and respectful techniques
19
Q
1950’s changes
A
new medications led to deinstitutionalization and an increase in outpatient care
20
Q
current trends in psychology
A
- outpatient care/ short-term inpatient care
- long wait times
- high cost to society (50 billion/year)
- new focus is PREVENTION
21
Q
Indigenous Perspectives on Mental Health (video)
A
- need to find parallels between Indigenous practices and western practices
- elders: ghosts, oral mental health
- western practices: trauma
22
Q
Euro-Americans view on mental health
A
not worried about stigma
23
Q
African-Americans
A
very concerned about stigma
24
Q
Latinos
A
only ok with discussing mental health with culturally accepted label (‘nervios’)
25
goals of psychology
describe, explain, predict, and influence
26
the scientific method
1. research question
2. hypothesis
3.test hypothesis by gathering data
4. draw conclusions
5. replication
27
two-eyed seeing
- bring strengths of both perspectives together
- teach medical students other scientific perspectives
28
What is a big problem in psychology
psychological states are subjective because they cannot be measured (ex: love)
29
operationalization
translate hypothesis into specific, testable, and measurable procedures
30
Correlation
relationship between two variables
31
positive correlation
one variable goes up, as other goes up too
32
negative correlation
one variable goes up, as other variable goes down
33
what a correlation could mean
- maybe
- other way around
-possible third factor
-coincidence
CORRELATION DOES NOT ALWAYS MEAN CAUSATION
34
independent variable
cause + what is manipulated
35
dependent variable
effect + what is measured
36
biological model
medical perspective + focuses on abnormality caused by malfunction in the brain
37
cell body
keeps neuron alive
38
dendrites
pick up signals from other neurons
39
axon
how neuron transmits messages to other neurons
40
action potential
sends information down axon and follows all or nothing principle
41
synaptic cleft
gap between axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
42
what does the axon terminal contain
synaptic vesicles loaded with neurotransmitters and receptors
43
neurotransmitters
chemicals released from axon to transmit impulses from on neuron to the next
44
excitatory neurotransmitter
encourage connecting neurons to fire
45
example of excitatory nts
glutamate
46
inhibitory neurotransmitters
decrease the chance that neighboring neurons will fire
47
example of inhibitory nts
GABA and serotonin
48
biological treatments
drug tx + electroconvulsive tx (ECT)
49
advantages + disadvantages of biological treatment
+ useful to many people
- many people do not like that it only considers chemical imbalance
- possible side effects
50
brain stem
takes care of essential automatic functions like breathing, sleeping, and body coordination
51
three divisions of the brain
- forebrain
- midbrain
- hindbrain
52
what does hindbrain contain
- pons, medulla, cerebellum
53
what does hindbrain do
regulates automatic activities like breathing, heartbeat, and digestion
54
cerebellum
controls motor coordination
55
midbrain
coordinates movement with sensory input
56
reticular activating system (RAS)
contributes to the processes of arousal and tension (awake/asleep)
57
what does the thalamus and hypothalamus do
regulate behaviour and emotion
58
what does limbic system contain
hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum, and amygdala
59
what does limbic system do
regulates emotional experiences and expressions + ability to learn, control impulses
60
the basal ganglia
control motor activity
61
left hemisphere
responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes
62
right hemisphere
responsible for perceiving environment + creating images
63
temporal lobe
helps us recognize sights, sounds, with long-term memory storage
64
parietal lobe
responsible for sensations of touch
65
occipital lobe
understanding visual inputs
66
psychoanalytic model
looks at unconscious conflicts
67
3 levels of awareness
- conscious: ego (mediates between id and superego)
- preconscious: superego (moral conscience)
- unconscious: id (basic impulses)
68
ego defense mechanisms
rationalization. denial, repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement and sublimation
69
rationalization
unconscious attempt to avoid addressing underlying reason for behavior
70
denial
when faces w/ uncomfortable fact, a person will reject it even with a lot of evidence
71
repression
avoiding distressing memories, thoughts , or feelings from entering conscious mind
72
projection
unacceptable, negative feelings within an individual are placed onto someone else
73
reaction formation
when people express the opposite of what they are feeling
74
displacement
transferring negative feelings from one thing to another
75
sublimation
channeling unacceptable urges into a productive outlet
76
what is the Oedipus Complex that occurs in boys
- during phallic stage (3-6 yrs old)
- a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex
- when identifies with dad > problem solved
77
What is the Electra Complex that happens to girls
- phallic stage (3-6)
-subconsciously sexually attached to her father and increasingly hostile toward her mother
78
psychoanalytic techniques
free association, therapist interpretation of resistance, of resistance, and of dreams
79
advantages + disadvantages of psychoanalytic model
+ people recognize therapy can help
- not testable bc unconscious cannot be measured
80
humanistic model
belief that people are innately good with the goal of self-actualization
81
advantage + disadvantage of humanistic model
+ focus on health and empathy
- not enough research support
82
unconditional positive self-regard
getting unconditional positive regard from parents (love)
83
what happens if someone does not receive enough love from parents
develop conditions of worth: conditional positive self-regard
84
85
person-centered therapy video
therapist gives unconditional positive regard
86
what is behavioural model
idea that everything is learned through classical or operant conditioning
87
classical conditioning
type of learning where a NS is paired with UCS (ex: food/bell)
88
operant conditioning
behaviour controlled by consequences that follow it (uses rewards and punishments)
89
observational learning
observer uses a model to learn a behavior
90
Cognitive Model
trying to discover assumptions + interpretations that influence the way a person acts and feels
91
discussing the person's family, living arrangements, and work relationships
sociocultural
92
+ and - of cognitive model
+ research based
- based on one thing
- not looking at past for causes
93
