ch. 1 2 3 4 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
structures
A
anatomy
2
Q
functions
A
physiology
3
Q
what is the relationship between anatomy and physiology
A
they are difficult to separate; form follows function
4
Q
list in order from least to most complex
A
chemical cellular tissue organ organ systems organisms
5
Q
ex of chemical level
A
atoms->molecules
6
Q
ex of cellular level
A
skin cell
7
Q
ex of tissue level
A
connective tissue
8
Q
ex of organ level
A
stomach
9
Q
ex of organ system level
A
digestive system
10
Q
ex of organism level
A
human
11
Q
basic unit of life
A
cells
12
Q
existence of a stable internal environment
A
homeostasis
13
Q
adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
A
homeostatic regulation
14
Q
what will happen if homeostasis is not preserved
A
illness and/or death
15
Q
receives signals about changes in internal environment- causes responses that reverse these changes back to normal range
A
negative feedback
16
Q
what does negative feedback do
A
tends to minimize change
17
Q
what is an ex of negative feedback
A
thermoregulation/body temp (thermostat)
18
Q
an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances or exaggerates the change
A
positive feedback
19
Q
produces extreme responses and relatively rare in the body
A
positive feedback
20
Q
what is an ex of positive feedback
A
labor and delivery
21
Q
study of tissues
A
histology
22
Q
cells and cell products organized into layers or groups that perform a relatively limited number of functions
A
tissues
23
Q
4 basic types of tissue
A
epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve/neural
24
Q
cover internal and external surfaces; forms glands
A
epithelial
25
fill internal spaces and provide support for other tissues
connective
26
provide movement via contractions
muscle
27
conduct electrical impulses
neural/nerve
28
cellularity, attachment, avascular, regeneration
4 characteristics of epith
29
composed of almost entirely of cells bound closely together
cellularity
30
base of epith is bound to a thin basement membrane
attachment
31
lack of blood vessels
avascular
32
cells are continually replaced via divisions of stem cells in the epith
regeneration
33
physical protection of covered surfaces
control permeability
provide sensation
produce specialized secretions
4 functions of epith
34
in many epith that line internal passageways
microvilli
35
funx: increase surface area for increase absorption and secretion
microvilli
36
where would microvilli be found
small intestine
37
funx: sweep substances along epith surface
cilia
38
where would cilia be found
lines trachea
39
epith cells are firmly attached to one another and to the basement membrane
cell junctions
40
3 types of cell junctions
tight, gap, desmosomes
41
prevent diffusion of fluids and solutes between cells
tight junctions
42
permit free diffusion of ions and small molecules between cells for cells to coordinate with each other
gap junction
43
very strong and resist stretching and twisting; anchor cells to each other and to the basement membrane
desmosomes
44
3 types of cell shapes in epith
squamous
cubodial
columnar
45
found in regions where secretion or absorption occurs; decreases time needed for materials to cross epith
simple epith
46
generally found in areas that need protection
stratified epith
47
most delicate epith
simple squamous epith
48
very protective
stratified squamous epith
49
unique in that it transitions from thick to thin and back again as it stretches and recoils
transitional epith
50
possess cilia
pseudostratified columnar epith
51
6 types of epith
```
simple squamous epith
stratified squamous epith
simple cubodial epith
transitional epith
simple columnar epith
pseudostratified columnar epith
```
52
lines body cavities enclosing heart, lungs, and guts
mesothelium
53
lines inner surface of heart and all blood vessels
endothelium
54
contains keratin- a tough and waterproofing protein
keratinized
55
ex of keratinized
skins surface
56
ex of nonkeratinized
esophagus, vagina
57
what is unique about transitional epith
transitions from thick to thin and back again as it stretches and recoils
58
ex of transitional epith
urinary bladder
59
collections of glanular epith
glands
60
secrete hormones directly into interstitial fluid and/or blood
endocrine
61
ex of endocrine
pancreas, thyroid, pituitary
62
release secretions onto epith surfaces via ducts
exocrine
63
ex of exocrine
tears, sweat, digestive enzymes
64
3 ways exocrine glands release their secretions
exocytosis
release cytoplasm and secretions
cell bursts and releases secretions
65
3 types of endocrine glands based on secretions
serous glands
mucous glands
mixed exocrine glands
66
one unicellular exocrine gland
mucous (goblet) cells
67
diverse in appearance and funx
highly vascular
never exposed to outside environment
3 characteristics of connective tissue
68
3 components found in CT
specialized cells
extracellular protein fibers
ground substance
69
surrounds cells
matrix
70
```
establish structural framework for body
transport fluids and dissolved materials
protect organs
support, surround and interconnect other types of cells and tissue
store energy
```
funx of connective tissue
71
long, straight, unbranched; capable of resisting pulling forces; flexible but very strong
collagen fibers
72
where are collagen fibers found
tendons and ligaments
73
thinner; form branching, supporting networks
reticular fibers
74
ex of reticular fibers
liver and spleen
75
branched and wavy; easily stretched and resumes shape
elastic fibers
76
ex of elastic fibers
vocal cords and artery walls
77
most common connective tissue cell
fibroblasts
78
make components of ground substance and fibers
fibroblast
79
engulf pathogens and damaged cells
macrophages
80
stem cells to divide and differentiate into other connective tissue cells
mesenchymal cells
81
```
loose CT
adipose
reticular
dense reg. CT
dense irreg. CT
elastic ct
```
CT proper
82
blood
fluid CT
83
cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
| bone
supporting CT
84
loosely organized; may contain all the cells and fibers
loose ct
85
mostly adipocytes and is fat
adipose tissue
86
create 3D supporting framework for cells
reticular tissue
87
mostly collagen fibers parallel to each other; tightly packed
dense reg. ct
88
mostly collagen fibers with no consistent pattern
dense irreg ct
89
mostly elastic fibers
elastic ct
90
fluid CT with plasma, rbc, wbc, and platelets
blood
91
matrix is a firm gel
contains chondrocytes
is avascular
different types have different types of fibers
cartilage
92
3 types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
93
physical barriers; line or cover body surfaces; each is an epith supported by CT
membranes
94
line cavities/passageways that connect with the exterior
mucous membrane
95
ex of mucous membrane
digestive tract
96
line sealed internal cavitites of the trunk; decrease friction
serous membrane
97
ex of serous membrane
pericardium
98
skin
cutaneous membrane
99
line cavities of synovial joints
synovial membranes
100
ex of synovial membrane
between bones
101
function o muscle tissue
contraction/movement
102
striated voluntary; produce gross body movements
skeletal
103
striated involuntary; only in heart
cardiac
104
nonstriated involuntary; around hollow organs
smooth
105
where is smooth muscle found
stomach, bladder
106
specialized for conduction of electrical impulses
neural tissue
107
what bond is the weakest
hydrogen
108
storage of fat, formation of scar tissue and assembly of amino acids into larger protein molecules
anabolism
109
inorganic compounds
co2
h2o
o2
inorganic acids, bases, and salts
110
a person has acidosis if the blood pH
is below 7.35
111
all reactions under way in the cells and tissues of the body at any given movement make up its
metabolism
112
another term for basic is
alkaline
113
carbohydrate that is most important metabolic fuel in the body
glucose
114
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
115
when terminal phosphate bond of atp is broken what is released
energy
116
two major componenets of cell membrane
phospholipids and proteins
117
bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded
cell membrane
118
an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum would result in
steroid hormones
119
net movement of material from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
120
water flows across a membran toward the solution that has lower concentration of solutes
osmosis
121
mitosis is to somantic cells as meiosis is to
reproductive cells
122
formation of a malignant tumor indicates that
mitotic rates of cells are no longer responding to normal control mechanisms
123
are all the cells of the body except reproductive cells
somantic
124
where do ribosomes go after rough ER
golgi apparatus
125
lysosomes contain
digestive enzymes
126
allowing some substances to pass through
selectively permeable
127
solution that does not cause an osmotic flow
isotonic
128
cells engulf liquids by creating a vesicle is called
pinocytosis
129
maintain tissues by unending cycles of cell division
stem cells
130
produces atp
mitochondria
131
synthesizes lipids and carbs
smooth er
132
interstitual fluid
cytosol
133
cell drinking
pinocytosis
134
cell eating
phagocytosis
