ch. 15 17 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
2 major types of receptors
A
general senses
special senses
2
Q
temp, pain, touch, pressure, vibration,and proprioception (body position)
A
general senses
3
Q
where is info from the general senses sent to
A
primary sensory cortex
4
Q
where is info from the special senses sent to
A
specific areas of cortex
5
Q
reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant (and painless) stimulus
A
sensory adaptation
6
Q
ex of sensory adaptation
A
hot bath water
room with strong odor
7
Q
2 processes of adaptation
A
peripheral adaptation
central adaptation
8
Q
level of receptor activity changes- strong responses at first and it gradually declines;
reduced the amount of info that reaches CNS
A
peripheral adaptation
9
Q
involves inhabitation of responses within CNS
A
central adaptation
10
Q
how can the higher centers alter receptor sensitivity
A
ex you focus on the sense- heightens awareness “listen carefully”
11
Q
why is the difference between somatic and visceral receptor
A
location
12
Q
4 types of general sense receptors
A
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors
13
Q
receptor for temp
A
thermoreceptors
14
Q
receptor for pain
A
nociceptors
15
Q
receptor for physical distortion
A
mechanoreceptors
16
Q
receptor for chemical concentration
A
chemoreceptor
17
Q
located in dermis, skeletal muscles, liver and hypothalamus
A
thermoreceptors
18
Q
where are temp sensations sent to in the brain
A
reticular formation and thalamus
19
Q
function of nociceptors
A
protective function
20
Q
nociceptors are sensitive to what 3 items
A
temp extremes
mechanical damage
dissolved chemicals
21
Q
2 types of axons that carry painful sensations
A
fase pain (quickly reach primary sensory cortex- quick conscious attention) slow pain (burning and aching pain- cause generalized activation of reticular formation and thalamus)
22
Q
nociceptor adaptation
A
little/no peripheral adaptation
central adaptation may decrease perception of pain
23
Q
2 chemicals released by the cns in response to excessive pain
A
enkephalins and endorphins
24
Q
3 type of machanoreceptors
A
tactile receptors
baroreceptors
proprioceptors
25
detect touch, pressure, and vibration
tactile receptors
26
detect pressure changes in b.v. and in portions of digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts
baroreceptors
27
monitor position of joints, tension in tendons and ligaments and the state of muscular contraction
proprioceptors
28
ex of chemoreceptors in the body
pH and CO2 monitored in CSF
29
what type of tract carries sensory info to the brain
sensory/afferent pathways
30
what type of tract carries motor info to the brain
motor/efferent pathways
31
sense of smell; in nasal cavity
olfaction
32
2 types of cells found in the olfactory epithelium
basal cells
| olfactory receptor cells
33
type of stem cells- divide and turn into new receptor cells
basal cells
34
highly modified bipolar neurons with cilia shaped dendrites w receptors on exposed surface
olfactory cells
35
what type of neurons are olfactory receptor cells?
bipolar
36
explain why olfaction is connected to emotion and memories
info to the hypothalamus and limbic system explains emotional and behavioral responses and memories triggered by certain smells
37
what is the effect of aging on olfaction
receptor number decreases and remaining receptors become less sensitive with age
38
sense of taste; taste receptors on surface of tongue and parts of pharynx and larynx
gustation
39
two cells found is taste buds
basal cells
| gustatory receptor cells
40
type of stem cells that divide and turn into new receptor cells
basal cells
41
have extensions of microvilli= taste hairs
gustatory receptor cells
42
what only lives about 10 days until they are replaced
gus. receptor cells
43
what is the connection of smell and taste
level of stimulus of olfactory receptors play large role in taste perception (things taste better when you can smell them)
44
6 taste sensations
```
sweet
salty
sour
bitter
water
umami
```
45
why do certain taste sensations are triggered more than others
threshold for receptor stimulus varies with each primary taste; respond more readily to unpleasant than to pleasant stimuli
46
which taste sensations are triggered more than others
bitter (toxins) and sour (acids) are triggered first- cause harm
it is for protection/survival
47
what is the effect of aging on taste buds
decrease taste buds ; elderly may find food bland and unappetizing
48
eye accessory structures
eyelids
lacrimal caruncle
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus
49
fx. blinking- keeps eye surface lubricated and remove dust and debris
eyelids
50
another name for eyelid
palpebrae
51
soft tissue in corner of eye
| fx. makes eye boogers -thick secretions
lacrimal caruncle
52
epith covering of inner surfaces of eyelids and outer surface of eye
conjunctiva
53
fx. secretes tears
lacrimal apparatus
54
decrease friction; remove debris; prevent bacterial infection via antibacterial enzyme-lysozyme; provides nutrients and O2 to portions of cornea
tears secreted in the lacrimal apparatus
55
prevent bacterial infection via antibacterial enzyme
lysozyme
56
3 layers/tunics of the eye
outer fibrous layer
intermediate vascular layer
inner neural layer
57
mechanical support and some protection
attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles
contains structures that assist in focusing
fx of fibrous layer
58
white of the eye
sclera
59
tough, outermost covering
sclera
60
transparent anterior portion of sclera
cornea
61
has no blood vessels and is quite sensitive (many free nerve endings)
cornea
62
fx. is window of eye and helps focus entering light rays
cornea
63
```
choroid
colliery body
suspensory ligaments
iris
pupil
```
vascular layer
64
vascular layer between sclera and retina
choroid
65
many capillaries to deliver o2 and nutrients to retina
choroid
66
forms inner ring around front of eye
ciliary body
67
secretes aqueous humor
ciliary body
68
extend inward from cilia body
suspensory ligaments
69
fx. holds lens in place
suspensory ligaments
70
colored portion of eye that contains 2 layers of smooth muscle
iris
71
fx. control light intensity entering eye
iris
72
central opening of iris that changes sizes via iris muscle
pupil
73
fx. opening that light passes through as it enters eye
pupil
74
inner lining of eyeball and has two layers
retina
75
what are the two layers of the retina
outermost- pigmented (absorbs light)
| inner- contains photoreceptors
76
why is the fovea the site of the sharpest vision
contains no rods and very increase of cones
77
where is the blind spot located
optic disk (optic nerve head)
78
why do we have a blind spot
no receptor cells
79
origin of optic nerve in back of eye
optic disc
80
2 cavities in the eye
anterior and posterior cavity
81
between cornea and lens and is filled with aqueous humor
anterior cavity
82
nourishes cornea and lens
forms fluid cushion
maintains shape of front of eye
fx of anterior cavity
83
interior or eyeball that is filled with vitreous humor
posterior cavity
84
fx. stabilizes shape of eye
posterior cavity
85
transparent and elastic
lens
86
fx. focus visual images on the photoreceptors via changing shape (accommodation)
lens
87
focus visual images on the photoreceptors via changing shape
accommodation
88
lens rounder
nearby objects
89
lens flattened
distant objects
90
lens loses transparency and becomes cloudy and opaque
cataract
91
2 photoreceptors found in the retina
rods and cones
92
very sensitive to light - night vision
rods
93
black and white vision
rods
94
see only general outlines
rods
95
conc is highest on periphery of retina
rods
96
why do rods only see general outlines
many rod nerve fibers converge and transmit impulses to brain on same nerve fiber
97
color vision
cones
98
sharp images and fine detail
cones
99
increase conc at fovea - detail vision
cones
100
decrease conc at periphery of retina
cones
101
why do cones have sharp images and fine details
nerves don't coverge like rods- can pinpoint stimulation accurately
102
a visual pigment
rhodopsin
103
where are rhodopsin located
in rods
104
what happens to rhodopsin in bright light
it breaks down; decomposes
105
what happens to rhodopsin in dim light
regenerated faster than its broken down; dark adapted
106
protein made of vitamin A
rhodopsin
107
where is color vision
in cones
108
what are the three types of cones
blue
green
red
109
occur through integration of info arriving from al 3 types of cones
color discrimination
110
one or more types of cones are nonfunctional
color blindness
111
what is the most common blindness
red green color blindness (red cones are missing)
112
3 regions of the ear
external ear
middle ear
internal ear
113
collects and directs sound waves
external ear
114
collect sound waves and transmit them to
middle ear
115
contains sensory organs for hearing and equilibrium
internal ear
116
pinna
auricle
117
fx. provides directional sensitivity
auricle
118
fleshly and cartilaginous outer ear
auricle
119
auditory canal
external acoustic meatus
120
channels sound toward
external acoustic meatus
121
eardrum
tympanic membrane
122
thin delicate sheet that separates external and middle ear
tympanic membrane
123
fx. vibrates with incoming sound waves
tympanic membrane
124
glands in skin of external acoustic meatus
ceruminous glands
125
fx. secrete ear wax
cerumen glands
126
tympanic cavity
middle ear
127
permits equalization of pressures on either side of tympanic membrane
auditory tube
128
what is the cause of otitis media
auditory tube allows microorganisms into middle ear
129
what are the auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
130
fx. carries vibrations of sound waves
auditory ossicles
131
where are the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
internal ear
132
structures are surrounded by this bony structure (has receptors for hearing and equilibrium)
bony labyrinth
133
interconnected network of fluid filled tubes; inside of bony labyrinth and surrounded by fluid (perilymph)
membranous labyrinth
134
3 parts of the bony labyrinth
vestibule
3 semicircular canals
cochlea
135
fx. have receptors that provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration
vestibule
136
fx. have receptors that are stimulated by rotation of the head
3 semicircular canals
137
fx. have receptors for hearing
cochlea
138
what is the significance of there being 3 semicircular ducts
each responding to one of the three rotational planes (anterior, posterior, and lateral)
139
where in the brain is equilibrium information is sent
on the vestibulocochlear nerve is sent to cerebellum and cerebral cortex
140
what is inside the cochlea
cochlear duct with spiral organ (organ of corti) which sits on basilar membrane
141
where are the hair cells
sit on basilar membrane and these hairs move against tectorial membrane and will cause sensory impulse
142
high frequency
short wavelength - vibrate nearer to oval window
143
low frequency
long wavelength- vibrate farther away from oval window
