ch. 12 Flashcards by olivia mcnamara

two major divisions of the nervous system

CNS and PNS

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brain and spinal cord

central nervous system

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cranial and spinal nerves

peripheral nervous system

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2 functional divisions of the nervous system

afferent division

efferent division

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brings sensory information to CNS from receptors

afferent division

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carries motor commands from CNS to effectors

efferent division

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muscles and glands

effectors

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2 components of the efferent division

somatic ns and autonomic ns

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controls skeletal muscle contractions

somatic ns

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provides automatic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

autonomic ns

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functional units of the nervous system

neurons

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short extensions from the cell body; usually many and highly branched

dendrites

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functions of dendrites

receives info from other neurons

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one extends from cell body
long, slender, cylindrical process with uniform diameter
end has many fine branches which end at synaptic terminals

axon

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function of axon

conduct impulses away from cell

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small, numerous dendrites; no axon

anaxonic neurons

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fx: poorly understood

anaxonic neurons

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in brain and in special sense organs

anaxonic neurons

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1 dendrite and 1 axon with cell body between the 2

bipolar neuronns

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in specialized parts of eye nose and ears; rare

bipolar neurons

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fx: relay info about sight, smell or hearing

bipolar neurons

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dendrites and axon are continuous and cell body lies off to side

unipolar neurons

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fx: carry info/senses into CNS

unipolar neurons

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most common neuron in CNS

mulltipolar neurons

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fx: control skeletal muscles

multipolar neurons

carry instructions from cns to effectors

motor efferent neurons

outnumber all other types of neurons combined

interneurons

fx: distribution of sensory info and coordination of motor activity; involved with all higher functions

interneurons

carry impulses from sensory receptors to cns

sensory (afferent) neurons

are unipolar and cell bodies are located in ganglia

sensory neurons

two types of motor neurons

somatic motor neurons | visceral motor neurons

innervate skeletall muscles

somatic neurons

innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

visceral neurons

glial cells

neuroglial cells

supporting cells within nervous tissue

neuroglial cells

what is the role of the calcium ion in the synapse

enters synaptic knob triggering exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

chemicals released by one neuron to affect the transmembrane potential of another

neurotransmitter

2 classes of neurotransmitter

excitatory | inhibitory

causes depolarization and promote generation of action potentials

excitatory

causes hyper polarization and suppress generation of action potentials

inhibitory

why is the classification of neurotransmitters not always precise

depends on the receptors not really the neurotransmitter- sperm going into woman

how many neurotransmitters ID

100

excitatory at all neuromuscular junctions

ACh

what effects ACh and what does it do

alzheimers- decrease ACh

typically excitatory

norepinephrine

increases arousal, dreaming and mood

norepinephrine

may be either excitatory or inhibitory

dopamine

dopamine and parkinson disease

decreases-causes stiffness

dopamine and nicotine

increases -pleasure

cocaine and dopamine

blocks repute of dopamine-causes a high

effects mood and emotional state

serotonin

inhibitory

serotonin

depression and serotonin

decreases

tryptophan and serotonin

increases serotonin-causes sleepiness

generally inhibitory

gaba

gaba in CNS

decreases anxiety

gaba and valium

increases receptor binding of gaba

how many neuroglial cells are found in CNS

4 types

how many neuroglial cells are found in PNS

2 types

fx: act as phagocytes provide structural framework for neural tissue help secrete and monitor composition of CSF control interstitial environment within CNS myelinate CNS axons

FX CNS

fx: myelinate axons | regulate interstitial environment around PNS neurons

FX PNS

2 types of neuroglial cells that myelinate axons

oligodendrocytes on CNS axons | schwann cells on PNS axons

how do the 2 types of neuroglial cells cover the axon

wrap themselves many times around the axon to form many layer along the length of an axon. this forms lipid rich myelin sheath covering on outside of axon

small gaps in axon covering between cells

nodes of ranvier

axons with myelin sheath?

white matter

no myelin sheath

gray matter

why is it white matter

because of lipids

what causes gray matter

unmyelinated nerve fibers, cell bodies, and dendrites form gray matter in CNS

myelin coating in CNS demyelinate and forms hard scars that block the underlying neurons from transmitting messages- muscles no longer receive input from motor neurons-stops contracting-atrophy

multiple sclerosis

autoimmune

guiliain-barre syndrome

demyelination of peripheral nerves (extremity weakness-paralysis-problems breathing)

guiliain-barre syndrome

potential electrical difference across a cell membrane- cell membrane is electrically charged polarized

transmembrane potential

transmembrane potential in an undisturbed/resting cell

resting potential

the numerical value of the resting potential in a neuron

-70 millivolts in neurons

why is the numerical value of the resting potential in a neuron negative

inside of the cell membrane contains excess of negative ions compared with the outside

explain how the resting potential is maintained in a neuron

Sodium-potassium pumps move two potassium ions inside the cell as three sodium ions are pumped out to maintain the negatively-charged membrane inside the cell

shift of potential to become more positive

depolarization

what causes depolarization

causes from Na+ entering cell

restoring potential to normal resting potential

repolarizing

if potential is becoming more negative

hyperpolarizing

what causes hypolarizing

result from K+ leaving cell

when charge is going up

threshold

graded potential at opposite ends of the cell are linked by a what

action potential

junction between 2 neurons where nerve impulses travel across to the next neuron

the synapse

there is a charge across membrane

transmembrane potential

inside the membrane is more what

negative

outside the membrane is more what

positive

whatever is not is a resting state

refractory period

action potential is relayed from one location to another down an axon

propagation

which is faster continuous or saltatory and why

saltatory- not as many action potential and moves farther in distance quicker

the first SSRI

prozac

collection of neuron cell bodies

ganglia

passive movement of Na parallel to the inner and outer surfaces of a membrane

local current

depolarizing

Na in

repolarizing

K out

motor neurons is the same as

efferent neurons

sensory neurons is the same as

afferent neurons

ch. 12 Flashcards

(97 cards)