ch. 13, 14, 16 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
what are the enlargements of the spinal cord
A
cervical and lumbar
2
Q
supplies nerves to shoulder and arms
A
cervical
3
Q
supplies nerves to pelvis and legs
A
lumbar
4
Q
what are the two longitudinal grooves of the gross anatomy of the spinal cord
A
posterior median sulcus
anterior median fissure
5
Q
how many segments are part of the spinal cord
A
31
6
Q
what comes out of each of these segments
A
each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves
7
Q
2 nerve roots that emerge from the spinal cord
A
dorsal root with sensory neurons
ventral root with motor (efferent) neurons
8
Q
what is contained within a dorsal root ganglion
A
cell bodies of these neurons
9
Q
what forms a spinal nerve
A
the dorsal w sensory neurons and ventral root w motor neurons
10
Q
how does the spinal nerve get out from the vertebrae
A
mixed nerves both sensory and motor
11
Q
what happens after the spinal nerve passes through the vertebrae
A
through intervertebral foramen and branches to form peripheral nerves
12
Q
provide necessary physical stability
shock absorption
carry blood vessels to deliver nutrients and O2 to spinal cord
A
function of spinal meninges
13
Q
location of spinal meninges
A
between bone and soft tissue of cord and brain
14
Q
protective specialized membranes surrounding spinal cord and brain
A
spinal meninges
15
Q
three layers of spinal meninges
A
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
16
Q
outermost
A
dura mater
17
Q
dense collagen fibers so it is very tough
A
dura mater
18
Q
middle layer
A
arachnoid mater
19
Q
epidural space- anesthetics injected into this space to block nerve function
A
dura mater
20
Q
subarachnoid space- under this layer
A
arachnoid mater
21
Q
filled with CSF
A
arachnoiod mater
22
Q
innermost
A
pia mater
23
Q
firmly bound to neural tissue underneath
A
pia mater
24
Q
very thin and follows contours of spinal cord
A
pia mater
25
blood vessels servicing spinal cord run along surface of what kind of mater
pia mater
26
what is the subarachnoid space filled with
CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
27
shock absorber and diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers and wastes
CSF
28
mostly cell bodies of neurons (interneurons), neuroglia and unmyelinated axons
gray matter in the spinal cord
29
how is the gray matter in the spinal cord structured
butterfly shaped with projections ("wings") called horns
30
with somatic and visceral sensory neurons
posterior horn
31
somatic motor (efferent) neurons
anterior horn
32
visceral motor (efferent) neurons
lateral horn
33
horizontal bar that connects "wings"; has axons that cross from 1 side of cord to the other
gray commissure
34
contains CSF and is continuous with brain ventricles
central canal
35
bundles of myelinated axons
white matter
36
how is the white matter in the spinal cord structured
divided into 3 regions called columns (posterior anterior and lateral)
37
bundles of axons that are similar and relay the same type of info in the same direction
nerve tracts
38
sends sensory info to the brain
ascending tracts
39
send motor info to the spinal cord
descending tracts
40
region of the skin surface thats monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves
deratomes
41
clinical importance of deratomes?
damage or infection of a spinal nerve or dorsal root ganglion will produce a characteristic loss of sensation to its corresponding region of the skin
42
complex, interwoven networks of nerves and are combinations of spinal nerve branches
nerve plexus
43
what are the four nerve plexus
cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
44
innverate muscles of neck and also control diaphragm
cervical plexus
45
innervates shoulder and arms
brachial plexus
46
innervate pelvic area and legs
lumbar and sacral plexuses
47
rapid automatic responses to specific stimuli
reflexes
48
function: preserve homeostasis by making rapid adjustments in the function of organs or organ systems
reflexes
49
2 tips of reflexes
spinal and cranial
50
those processed in spinal cord
spinal reflexes
51
those processed in the brain
cranial reflexes
52
suckling, tracking objects with eyes, chewing, withdrawal reflex
innate reflexes
53
knee-jerk, postural reflexes
somatic reflexes
54
pupillary reflec, respiration, cardiovascular function, swallowing, coughing
visceral (autonomic) reflexes
55
1. receptor at end of sensory neuron is activated
2. sensory neuron is activated and carries nerve impulse into CNS via doral root
3. interneurons processes info and sends it on
4. motor neuron is activated and carries nerve impulse out of CNS via ventral root
5. effector (muscles or gland) responds
reflex arc
56
4 major brain regions
cerebrum
cerebellum
dicencephalon
brain stem
57
4 major parts of diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal
58
3 parts of the brain stem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
59
4 connected chambers within cerebral hemispheres and brain stem
brain chamber ventricles
60
what are brain chamber ventricles filled with
CSF
61
4 brain ventricles
lateral
3rd
4th
62
within corpus callosum
lateral ventricles (right and left)
63
within diencephalon
3rd ventricle
64
between brain stem and cerebellum
4th ventricle
65
continuously circulates between ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space
CSF is located in the nervous system
66
3 cranial meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
67
how is the dura mater different from the spinal dura mater
cranial dura mater has 2 layers to it here with outer layer fused to skull interior- no epidural space
68
function of the cranial meninges
protection from mechanical forces
| stabilizes and supports brain
69
completely surrounds and bathes exposed surfaces of cns
CSF
70
how much CSF do we have
150 mL
71
cushions CNS structures
supports brain - brain floats in CSF
trnasports nutrients, chemical messengers and wastes
function of CSF
72
what is the formation of CSF
secreted by tiny masses of specialized neuroglial cells and capillaries
73
where is CSF formed
choroid plexus- project into ventricles and empty the CSF there
74
how many cranial nerves originate in the medulla oblongata
5
75
how many cranial nerves originate in pons
4
76
how many cranial nerves originate in the midbrain
2
77
loosely organized mass of gray matter that is throughout the brain stem
reticular formation
78
where is reticular formation located
medulla oblongata
79
2 reflex centers located in the medulla oblongata
cardiovascular center
| respiratory rhythmicity centers
80
contains cell bodies of neurons associated with 4 cranial nerves
has centers that control respiratory-rate and death
process and relay info heading to or from cerebellum
function of pons
81
reflex movement of eyes, head, and neck
reflex responses to visual stimuli
82
reflex movements of head neck and trunk
reflex responses to auditory stimuli
83
2 hemispheres connected by vermis in midline
cerebellum
84
mostly branching white matter but has a thin layer of gray matter on the surface
cerebellum
85
allows the cerebellum to communicate with the rest of CNS via nerve tracts
cerebellar peduncles
86
adjusts postural to maintain balance and equilibrium
programs and fine-tines body movements to make them smooth
integrates sensory information from receptors in muscles, tendons, joints, eyes, and ears to help make adjustments as needed
cerebellum
87
fx: secretes melatonin
pineal gland
88
fx: secretes many hormones
pituitary gland
89
central relay point for incoming sensory information and channels them to appropriate regions of cerebral cortex for interpretation
also filters information- only passing on a portion of what arrives
thalamus
90
autonomic functions the hypothalamus controls
heart rate, bp, respiration, digestive fx
91
2 hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin
92
several structures together (functional grouping)
limbic system
93
primarily in the diencephalon
limbic system
94
largest region in the brain that has 2 cerebral hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissures
cerebrum
95
connected by deep bridges of nerve fibers
corpus callosum
96
5 lobes in the cerebrum
```
insula
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
```
97
thin blanket of gray matter that covers cerebrum and contains nearly 75% of all neuron cell bodies in CNS
cerebral cortex
98
three axons found in white matter of cerebrum
association
commissural
projection
99
interconnect area of cortex within a single hemisphere
association fibers
100
interconnect and permit communication between the hemispheres; includes corpus collasum
commissural fibers
101
links cerebral cortex to rest of the brain and spinal cord
projection fibers
102
primary motor cortex
frontal lobe
103
fx. direct voluntary control of skeletal muscles
frontal lobe
104
primary sensory cortex
parietal lobe
105
fx. receives info of touch, pressure, pain, vibrations, taste, and temp
parietal lobe
106
visual cortex
occipital lobe
107
fx. receives visual info
occipital lobe
108
auditory and olfactory cortex
temporal lobe
109
fx. receives info about hearing and smell
temporal lobe
110
gustatory cortex
insula
111
fx. receives info about taste
insula
112
regions of the cortex that interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response
association area
113
fx. monitors activity in the primary sensory cortex
somatic sensory association area
114
fx. monitors activity of visual cortex and interprets results
visual association area
115
fx. monitors activity of auditory cortex; word recognition occurs here
auditory association area
116
fx. coordinates learned movements
somatic motor association area
117
areas that receive info from many association areas and direct complex motor activities
integrative cortex
118
receives info from all sensory association areas and integrates sensory info and coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories
general interpretive area
| wernicke's area
119
regulates pattern of breathing and vocalization; needed for normal speech
speech center (broker's area)
120
coordinates info from association area of the entire cortex and performs abstract intellectual
prefrontal cortex
121
in what hemisphere is the general interpretive area and speech areas found
left hemisphere
122
contains general interpretive and speech centers
left side
123
responsible for language based skils
left side
124
performs analytical tasks
left side
125
reading, writing, speaking, math calc, logical decision making
left side
126
involved with spatial visualization
right side
127
allows identification of objects by touch, smell, sight, taste or feel
right side
128
involved with emotions and intuition
right side
129
structure that allows the 2 hemispheres to mix
corpus callosum
130
how many cranial nerves are there
12
131
sensory; smell
olfactory
132
sensory; vision
optic
133
motor; eye movements (4/6 extra ocular muscles)
oculomotor
134
motor; eye movements (only one extra-ocular muscles)
trochlear and abducens
135
mixed; sensory- cornea, eyelids, forehead, facial skin, teeth, lips, and gums
motor- chewing muscles
trigeminal
136
mixed; sensory-taste
| motor- facial expression muscles, lacrimal, and salivary gland secretions
facial
137
sensory; balance/equilibrium and hearing
vestibulocochlear
138
mixed; sensory-pharynx, tongue, carotid arteries
| motor-salivary gland secretions, swallowing/throat muscles
glossopharyngeal
139
mixed; sensory-throat, diaphragm, visceral organs of throat and abdomen
motor- speech and swallowing muscles, heart, smooth muscles, and glands of visceral organs of thorax and abdomen
vagus
140
motor; muscles of throat, neck, and back
accessory
141
motor; move tongue
hypoglossal
142
create visceral reflexes with sensory origins from receptors to regulate autonomic activities via motor nerve fibers to visceral effectors
ANS
143
adjusts our basic life supports without conscious control
ANS
144
what type of nerve fibers are all ANS fibers
motor
145
2 divisions of the ANS
sympathetic and parasympathetic
146
readies body for crisis that may require sudden, intense physical activity; fight or flight
sympathetic
147
conserves energy and promotes sedentary activities such as digestion; rest and digest
parasympathetic
148
2 regions of the spinal cord that nerve fibers of the sympathetic division originate
thoracic and lumbar region
149
2 regions of the spinal cord that nerve fibers of the parasympathetic division originate
brain stem and sacral regions
150
2 neurotransmitters used in the sympathetic division
ACh
| norepinephrine
151
neurotransmitter used in the parasympathetic division
ACh
152
2 hormones that play a part in sympathetic division
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
153
what hormones play a part in the parasympathetic division
no hormones
