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Microbiology > Ch 1,2,3,4 Review > Flashcards

Ch 1,2,3,4 Review Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

non membrane-bound nucleus, non Membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Multicellular membrane-bound organelles, membrane-bound nucleus, Membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

Archaea

A

prokaryotic cell type, live in extreme environments

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4
Q

Fungi

A

eukaryotic cell type, yeast is unicellular, molds and mushroom are multicellular

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5
Q

Protozoa

A

eukaryotic cell type, absorb or ingest organic chemicals

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6
Q

Algae

A

eukaryotic cell type, use photosynthesis, produce oxygen

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7
Q

Viruses

A

neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic, consists or RNA or DNA , only replicated on a host

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8
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

said cells arise from preexisting cells

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9
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

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10
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

described live microorganisms, in letters to the royal society of london using a self made cope

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11
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter

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12
Q

Biogenesis

A

hypothesis that life comes from other life

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13
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

considered the father of microbiology, he provided evidence to biogenesis through his experiment that proved that microorganisms are present in the air

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14
Q

Joseph Lister

A

who used a disinfectant for surgery is the father of antisepsis

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15
Q

Edward jenner

A

basically made the first form of a vaccine, who gave someone cowpoxto protext someone from smallpox

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16
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

made the first antibiotic, penicillin

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17
Q

isotopes

A

an element with different number of neutrons

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18
Q

Ionic bonds

A

formed when the electron of one atom is given to another, because of this, the number of protons are still the same, resulting in a charged molecule

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19
Q

Covalent bonds

A

form when two atoms share one or more pair of elections

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20
Q

hydrogen bond

A

hydrogen atom is covalently indeed to an O or N atom, but is also attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

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21
Q

Endergonic

A

reactions absorb energy

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22
Q

Exergonic

A

reactions release energy

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23
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

are when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form larger molecules

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24
Q

Anabolism

A

when synthesis of molecules occur in a cell

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25
Decomposition
reactions occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules. Ions. or atoms.
26
Catabolism
when decomposition reactions occur in a cell
27
Acid
substance that dissociate into one or more with H+ ions | Donates proton or receives an electron pair in reactions
28
Base
a chemical that donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution
29
Salts
substances dissociate into cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions) neither is H or OH-
30
What elements make up most organisms
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur
31
Macromolecules
polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules. with the smaller molecules being called monomers.
32
four major classes of Macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
33
Carbohydrates
Necessary for cell structures and energy sources | Consists of Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen
34
Lipids
Mainly in cell membranes Consists of Cargon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Are nonpolar and insoluble in water
35
Proteins
Essential in cell structure and function Enzymes speed up chemical reactions , transporter proteins move chemical across membranes Proteins are made of subunits called amino acids
36
Nucleic Acids
Consists of Nucleotides which are made of pentose (Phosphate group 1,2,3) with a nitrogen containing purine or pyrimidine base
37
compound microscope
where the the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the ocular lens. we used these.
38
Resolution
ability of the lenses to distinguish two points
39
Refractive index
the measure of the light-bending ability of a medium. | Light may bend in the air and miss high magnification lens, this is where oil immersion comes into play
40
Fluorescence Microscopy
UV light is absorbed by substances and emit visible light | Cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes (Fluorochromes)
41
Two-photon Microscopy
Cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes, with two photons of long-wavelength red light are used to excite the dyes
42
Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)
Measures sound waves that are reflected back from an object | Used to study cells attached to a surface
43
electron Microscopy
Uses electrons instead of light, the shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution
44
Scanned-Probe Microscopy (STM)
uses a metal probe to scan a specimen, resolution at 1/100 of an atom.
45
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
uses a metal-and-diamond probe inserted into the specimen | Produces three-dimensional images
46
Smear
a thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide
47
basic dye
the chromophore is a cation, so they tend to attach to bacteria which have negatively charged cell walls
48
acidic dye
chromophore is an anion
49
Negative staining
when you stain the background instead of the cell
50
simple stain
a single basic dye
51
mordant
may be used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it
52
Differential stains
used to distinguish between bacteria, such are the gram stain and acid-fast stain
53
gram-positive bacteria
tend to be killed by penicillin and detergent (looks purple). Peptidoglycan linked by polypeptides, 2 ring basal body
54
gram-negative bacteria
is more resistant to antibiotics (looks pink) there is a layer of peptidoglycan in between the inner and outer membrane, 4 ring basal body.
55
Acid-fast stain
Stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-alcohol | When used 3 acid-fast stains you get red/hot pink for an acid fast microbe , and a blue for a non acid fast
56
Special stains
used to distinguish parts of cell
57
monomorphic
one shape bacteria
58
pleomorphic
multi shape bacteria
59
Bacillus
rod shape
60
Coccus
spherical
61
Strept
Chain
62
Staphyl
cluster
63
Di
two
64
Glycocalyx
outside the cell wall, sticky, and slime layer capsule, can be used as a source of nutrition when energy stores are low. Prevents phagocytosis
65
Flagella
helps it move, made of chains of flagellin, attached via a protein hook, anchored to wall and membrane by the basal body
66
Motile cells
rotate their flagella to run and tumble, move away from or toward stimuli (taxes)
67
Endoflagella aka axial Filaments
are found in spirochetes are anchored on one end of the cell, and rotation of it causes the cell to move
68
Pili
help transfer DNA from one cell to another by bringing the cells together to form a conjugtion bridge
69
Gliding motility
is smooth pilin retraction
70
twitching motility
short jerky movement
71
Cell wall
prevents osmotic lysis and is made of peptidoglycan
72
Peptidoglycan
is a polymer of disaccharide
73
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, ntegral proteins, transmembrane proteins , select permeability
74
Simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer is one way things are transported (Solute)
75
Facilitated diffusion
when a transported protein combines with a solvent (solute)
76
Osmosis
The movement of water from a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. (Solvent)
77
Osmotic pressure
s the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane
78
isotonic solution
not net movement of water occurs
79
hypotonic solution
water moves into the cell, which may cause swelling and burst (osmotic lysis)
80
hypertonic solution
water moves out of ell, causing it to shrink (plasmolysis)
81
active transport
requires requires a transporter protein and ATP for movement against the concentration gradient
82
group translocation
requires transporter protein and PEP (prokaryotic exclusive) special type of active transport
83
nucleoid
bacterial chromosome
84
Endospores
tough non reproductive structures made by some bacteria and are resting cells in a dormant state, very resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals,
85
Sporulation
endospore formation, where isolated replicated DNA and some cytoplasms is breaks off
86
Germination
returning to a vegetative state, active, grows and reproduces
87
Phagocytosis
process where pseudopods extend and engulf particles
88
Pinocytosis
process where membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances
89
Cytoplasmic streaming
he movement of cytoplasm throughout the cells
90
80S ribosomes
membrane bound and attach to Endoplasmic Reticulum
91
70S ribosomes
are in chloroplasts and mitochondria
92
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough component does protein synthesis, processing and sorting of proteins
93
Smooth ER
- phospholipid, fat, steroid synthesis; can biotransformation drugs and other chemicals and release calcium.
94
Golgi complex
collection and packaging of material to distribution of materials to different parts of cell, makes cell wall components, addition or modification of short chain of sugar to form glycoproteins and glycolipids with detail from ER or modify them made by ER
95
Endosymbiosis
hypothesis process by which prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotic cells is known as endosymbiosis. Eukaryotic cells are believed to have evolved from early prokaryotes that were engulfed by phagocytosis

Microbiology (19 decks)

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