Ch.5 Flashcards
Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
Catabolism
the breakdown of complex molecules into smaller ones. Energy from catabolic reactions take that ADP, phosphate group, and energy and turn it into ATP
Anabolism
the building of more complex molecules from smaller ones. Anabolic reactions transfer energy from ATP to molecules (some heat/energy is lost) and it turns to ADP , a phosphate group, and energy.
Metabolic Pathway
a cell’s sequence of chemical reactions that is determined by it enzymes, which in turn is determined by what kind of cell it is.
Collision Theory
the idea that all atoms are colliding with each other at any given moment, and the energy transferred by particles in the collusion can disrupt the electron structures and cause chemical reactions
Reaction rate
the frequency of collisions between particles that have enough energy for a chemical reaction. You can increase this by heating water, as it causes the particles to move faster and thus more likely to collide
Reaction rate
the frequency of collisions between particles that have enough energy for a chemical reaction. You can increase this by heating water, as it causes the particles to move faster and thus more likely to collide
enzymes
biological catalyst made of amino acids (proteins))
substrate
the specific substance an enzymes reacts with
activation energy
the energy needed to cause a reaction. Enzymes lower their reaction energy with a substrate
ribozyme
RNA based enzyme, they can cut and splice RNA
enzyme-substrate complex
substrate contacts the active site of an enzyme
Enzyme Process
Substrate contacts the active site → an enzyme-substrate complex forms. → substrate is transformed by the rearrangement of existing atoms → the substrate is broken down and no longer fits in the active site
Multiple enzymes can impact a certain substrate, but will yield different results
apoenzyme, cofactor/coenzyme, holoenzyme
Enzymes need an apoenzyme (protein part) and a cofactor (non protein part). The cofactor can be a metal ion or if organic, is called a coenzyme. An apoenzyme is inactive by itself, and requires a cofactor, together they make a holoenzyme , or a complete whole enzyme
How do a cofactor/coenzyme help?
A cofactor can help by forming a bridge between an enzyme and substrate
A coenzyme can help by accepting atoms from the substrate or giving them to the substrate or the same with electrons
what are (NAD+), (NADP+)
two really important coenzymes made from vitamin B derivatives. either give/take atoms or electron
Which is oxidized, what type of reactions are they used for? NAD+, NADH,
NAD+ (Oxidized) , NADH (reduced) is normally used in catabolic reactions
Which is oxidized, what type of reactions are they used for? NADP+ , NADPH.
NADP+ (Oxidized), NADPH (reduced) is normally used in anabolic reactions
Which is oxidized? FAD, FADHv2
(FAD) , FADHv2 (reduced). These are more important enzymes
Coenzyme A (CoA)
contains a derivative of pantothenic acid, another B vitamin. It is important because it breaks down and synthesizes fats as well as in a series of oxidation reactions called the krebs cycle
turnover number
the maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule converts to product each second. Can be 1 to 10,000 molecules a second.
Factors that influence enzymes
Temp-, reg 98.6F, 100F is beneficial, at 105F your at the hospital, at 108F you denature proteins by breaking their bonds. pH- can also denature proteins 7.2-7.4 is our body ph
. Substrate concentration- higher concentration more activity, UP to the max limit because you have a limit amount of enzymes and inhibitors
What are inhibitors
competitive inhibitors take up the active site of an enzyme.non-competitive inhibitor will not bind to the active site but the allosteric site. This influences the shape of the enzyme and active site, and no longer can accommodate the substrate
Feedback Inhibition
where enzymes work together to further take down substrates, and because their shapes keep changing and thus accommodate different substrates
Intermediate A is the product after 1 round with an enzyme, followed by intermediate B etc. until end product
That end product then bounds onto the allosteric site, thus changing the shape, and substrate can no longer fit =, causing a pathway shutdown. This is good because you don’t want to make too much of something.
