Ch 1-3 Flashcards
(270 cards)
1
Q
The sum of all intelligent mental activities is _
A
cognition
2
Q
Cognition includes the acquisition and processing of _ _ about the world in order to make behavioural decisions
A
sensory information
3
Q
What is the most sophisticated computing device in the (known) universe?
a) the human brain
b) the Google car
c) the calculator
d) Deep Blue (chess-playing computer)
A
a) the human brain
because of the lack of understanding of its processes and their intricacies
4
Q
T or F: the study of cognition is made up of multiple fields and subfields of scientific research
A
true, because intelligent behaviour is multifaceted
5
Q
To read a book, I have to:
1. recognize the device to display its content
2. engage my memory of how to operate the device to pull up the correct site, etc.
3. _
4. avoiding processing competing stimuli
5. using knowledge of language and of ideas and concepts related to the text
A
- focus on the book’s text, recognizing the letters and words as I move my eyes across the page in the right order
6
Q
Reading a book requires:
perception
attention
short-term memory
long-term memory
language
-
decision making
A
problem-solving
7
Q
The field of cognition is primarily concerned with understanding the processes that allow things to go _
A
right, or correctly
8
Q
The 1990s was dubbed the Decade of the _
A
Brain
9
Q
Do theorists have a strong theory of how the brain works?
A
no, but some ideas
10
Q
The _ _ in the field of cognition is gradual, painstaking progress marked by debate and uncertainty
A
scientific process
11
Q
Is there a great unified theory of the brain and how it brings about the stuff of thought?
A
Nope
12
Q
The study of the mind/cognition is relevant to groups including:
scientists
scholars
_
industry groups
A
engineers - computer? electrical?
13
Q
The study of cognition encompasses two major scientific disciplines:
experimental psychology
_
A
neuroscience
14
Q
The goal of basic research into cognition is to understand who we humans are and…
A
what makes us tick/why do we do the things we do and how do we do them
15
Q
Applied research of cognition is concerned with…
A
the end goal of developing an application or solution to a problem
e.g., understanding pathology of autism, enhancing education, etc.
16
Q
Research in perception can facilitate the design of systems with which people interact, such as machine or computer consoles, a field known as human _
A
factors
17
Q
Artificial intelligence/AI is the study of how humans perform cognition to try to…
A
build machines that can do the same thing
18
Q
How can one gauge how we understand what the brain does?
A
assess how well we are able to build artificial devices to produce its behaviour
19
Q
In 1996, Deep Blue did what to Gary Kasparov?
A
Deep Blue, a computer, beat Kasparov, world’s best chess champion, in a game of chess
20
Q
What did Deep Blue’s chess win indicate?
A
that machines could one day be able to outthink people
21
Q
Deep Blue’s chess knowledge is based on _ programming
A
IFFT programming
22
Q
What does IFFT programming stand for?
A
if-this-then-that programming is a computer program that a programmer specifies what do to under each condition. If it is a sophisticated program, it can perform great feats
e.g., AI as chatbots, able to carry out conversations to mimic real human interaction
23
Q
Where do machine applications historically fail?
A
dealing with novel, constantly changing conditions that it has not dealt with before
24
Q
Dealing with novel, constantly changing conditions that one has not encountered for requires _ intelligence
A
flexible
25
Is flexible intelligence currently only specific to humans? Y or N
Yes
26
Automated visual object recognition, termed _ vision, is concerned with developing computer programs that can interpret objects, symbols, scans and even faces
computer or machine vision
27
More than 10 years ago was machine vision a thing?
No, that tech only began in the last 10 years
28
Saying "OK Google" is an example of _-_ _
human-machine interaction
29
When computers change their behaviour in order to get better at some task, they are showing they are programmed to _
learn
30
When computers change their behaviour in order to get better at some task, they are showing they are exhibiting _ _
machine learning
31
Machine learning that uses techniques that are modelled in the brain have what are called _ _ networks
artificial neural networks
32
A brain-inspired _ _ can be used to learn about visual information for computer vision that may be applied to voice recognition, weather prediction, or even action planning
computer algorithm
33
What is the primary driver of recent dramatic progress in artificial intelligence?
a) much larger computer memory stores
b) computer programs that can learn rather than being programmed
c) better computer programmers
d) much faster computers
b) computer programs that can learn rather than being programmed
34
The self-driving car is an excellent example of _ _
machine learning
35
A recent computer model, _, produces human-like paragraphs based on a writing prompt
GPT-3
36
When do researchers assume true human-like artificial general intelligence will arrive?
the next few decades
37
The study of the physical brain and related systems is _
neuroscience
38
Modern tools allow researchers to measure the activity of the intact brain while the animal is awake and _
behaving
39
Modern tools for brain research have brought us further than the old days of post-_ _ of brains
post-mortem dissection of brains
40
Non-invasive brain techniques measure brain activity of _ of increasingly smaller portions
brain regions are studied
41
More invasive brain techniques allow for the specific measurement of _ _, whether the being is awake and behaving
individual neurons
42
Some brain techniques allow researches to _ or _ portions of the brain and observe effects on cognitive processes
active or deactivate
43
Cognitive psychology is studying intelligent behaviour itself using _ _
behavioural experiments
44
Non-experimental methods include _ _, in which researchers watch the behaviour of people or other organisms in their typical habitat
naturalistic observation
45
Cognitive psychology depends on measuring _ , in order to develop theories of the underlying neurophysiological processes
behaviours
46
The two typical measurements that are studied in cognitive psychology are
reaction time
_
accuracy
47
Computation modeling for the study of cognition is the use of computer-based models to ...
simulate brain processes or functions
48
Why was it difficult to study cognition before?
people assumed that it could not be measured in an observable way
49
The question or debate of how mental events such as thoughts, beliefs and sensations are related to, or caused by, physical mechanisms taking place in the body is the _-_ _
mind-body problem
50
What was a response to the mind-body problem, historically?
dualism
51
Dualism views the mind and body as consisting of fundamentally...
different kinds of substances or properties
the mind is completely separate from the body, one not being physical, the other physical
52
The view that there is only one kind of basic substance in the world is _
monism
vs. dualism
53
A type of monism is _/_, the position that the only kind of reality is physical reality
physicalism/materialism
54
According to physicalism/materialism, cognition is a _ phenomenon, and mental states can ultimately be explained as being based in the processed of the _ brain
[repeated words]
physical phenomenon; physical brain
55
According to physicalism/materialism, the idea of a non-physical mind is...
an illusion (as opposed to dualism's idea of mind vs body)
56
The view that the only kind of reality is mental is called _
idealism
57
Idealism is a type of _-ism, as is physicalism/materialism
monism
58
The brain (and all physical reality) is really a _ _, according to idealism
mental construct
cue The Matrix
59
_ monism holds there is only one kind of substance, of which the mind and body are composed. It is, however, not physical or mental
neutral monism
60
Frank Jackson (1986)'s famous thought experiment looked at the physiological processes in _ _ to determine the relevance of the various monistic and dualistic theories of the mind and body
seeing colour
61
According to Frank Jackson (1986), a colour blind scientist would understand what yellow or pink is if they are a _-ist
materialist/physicalist
There is nothing to explain once all the physics, chemistry and physiology has been accounted for
62
According to Frank Jackson (1986), a colour blind scientist would NOT understand what yellow or pink is if they are a _-ist
dualist
The scientist may know all of the physical facts of the colour and its physiological processes, but not understand the mental component, which requires experiencing yellow or pink colour
63
The idea of a soul or spirit is a commonly held view for a _-ist
dualist
64
Dualism probably arose from the Greek philosopher _ around 350 BCE
Plato
65
Plato argued that the mind was based on an _ _, which is more real than the physical world
immortal soul
66
Rene Descarte (17th C) proposed that the mind and body form two different types of substance but that...
these could interact with one another
67
Descartes believed that, much like the ancient Greeks, that the _ _, a structure in the centre of the brain, is the site of the mind-body interaction
pineal gland
68
_-ism suggests that the processes of the physical body, including the brain, affect the workings of the mind and that, conversely, the mind's thoughts and decisions lead to action in the body
Dualism
69
According to dualism, the mind and body are _ and the nature of their interaction is not well explained
separate entities
70
T or F: most scientists who study the brain and behaviour subscribe to the idea that the products of the mind - intelligent behaviour - may ultimately be understood in terms of the workings of the physical brain, without any immateriality
true, most don't believe there is immateriality at play
71
_ materialism suggests that science operates based on physical methods, measurements and explanatory mechanisms that cannot test non-physical theories
Pragmatic materialism - all physicality, no immateriality
72
Does pragmatic materialism claim that the mind and body are identical?
no, but they do suggest that physicality is at play for both
73
Pragmatic materialism suggests that _ _ can be explained based on physical processes
observable behaviour
74
Do pragmatic materialists believe that our inner consciousness ("the feeling of red") is explained by physical processes?
no, not necessarily
75
Pragmatic materialism suggests that we don't have a full understanding of how the brain works and how its function relates to behaviour, but that an understanding is possible with the advancement of science
true
76
Why do pragmatic materialists believe that we will one day have a full undersstanding of the physical brain and how its function relates to behaviour?
based on the success of the physical sciences in explaining natural phenomena, based on physical mechanisms
77
There are approximately _ billion neurons in the brain
86 billion!, or over 600 trillion neural connections
78
What is crucial to understanding the intelligent behaviour the brain produces WITHIN?
the brain behaves within multiple contexts - within itself, the body, society, and the world
79
Which of these is NOT an offered reason as to why studying the physical brain alone might be insufficient to understand cognition?
a) The brain is enormously complex
b) Cognition depends on non-physical mechanisms
c) The brain is embedded in the larger context of the body and the world
d) The brain must be considered within the contexts in which it operates
b) Cognition depends on non-physical mechanisms
80
Which of these viewpoints is LEAST compatible with the scientific study of cognition?
a) The mind and brain are both the same physical entity, which causes intelligent behaviour
b) The mind and brain are separate entities but the physical brain causes intelligent behaviour
c) The mind and brain are both the same physical entity, but this entity does not cause intelligent behaviour
d) The mind and brain are separate entities and the non-physical mind causes intelligent behaviour
d) The mind and brain are separate entities and the non-physical mind causes intelligent behaviour
81
Observing the mind directly is one of the tenets of _
structuralism
82
_ _ (1832 - 1920) introducted structuralism, and Edward Titchener championed it in America
Wilhelm Wundt
83
_ _ (was a student of Wilhelm Wundt, and championed structuralism when he came to American
Edward Titchener
84
The structuralists attempted to to the same to the mind as those in scientific fields such as physics and chemistry approached their work by...
breaking down complex processes into simpler elements
85
Structuralists used a technique called _ _, in which practitioners were trained to carefully consider and describe their own internal conscious experiences in terms of fundamental "elements" of consciousness
analytic introspection
86
With analytic introspection, the structuralists hoped they would discover the basis principles of how their own _ _ _ combined to form the contents of the working mind
internal conscious experiences
87
_ was, despite calling himself otherwise, the first psychologist
Wilhelm Wundt
88
_ was, despite calling himself otherwise, the first psychologist by using a methodological approach to studying consciousness, comparing results with others and trying to replicate
Wilhelm Wundt
89
Wundt studied
experimentation
attention
memory
_
language
90
Wundt studied language by creating the first _ _
syntax trees
91
Wundt was the first to describe the approximate number of items one could remember before it was championed by another researcher
the +/- 7 objects rule
92
Since _ claimed that results of a study needed to match his own to be considered correct, he was criticized for being a poor scientist
Titchener
93
Analytic introspection was not successful because:
data could only be seen by one individual and cannot be ..., i.e., lend itself well to replication
objectively verified by others
94
_, an important mechanism of self-correction in science in which different researchers performing the same experiments using the same methods should get the same, verifiable results, assuming the original findings are valid
replication
95
Introspection was not successful because its approach was not:
replicable
addressing _ _
addressing unconscious awareness
e.g., fluent in a language without explicit knowledge of grammatical rules, i.e., grammar is implicit and not available to consciousness
96
_ _ , a condition where individuals have damage to the part of the brain that processes visual information before sending it to higher-level processing, can still elicit behavioural responses to visual stimuli, despite participants believe they are completely blind
cortical blindness
97
Blindsight is a phenomenon in which someone who reports blindness due to cortical damage...
still shows behaviour consisting with SOME perception
98
According to working scientists, predicted the consensus that valid science of the mind ultimately must depend on...
phenomena that can be externally measured
99
The _-_ protocol is a research method that involves having participants verbally describe their thought process as they are performing a specific task
think-aloud protocol
100
Analytic introspection is still used as a secondary measure in order to generate _ that are then tested using other methods
theories
101
(1842-1910), father of psychology, studied consciousness but did not agree with Wundt's interest in what conscious is but rather what it's used for
James
102
James (1842-1910) was considered the first psychologist, but he actually was a _
philosopher
103
Empiricism requires the use of _ in studies
observation
104
If everything has a cause, then the scientific method used is likely _-ism
determinism
105
If a theory can be falsified, then an experiment is said to have _-ability
testability
106
Choosing the simplest reason of a variety of options until proven otherwise is referred to as _
parsimony
107
The four requirements for scientific method are:
empiricism
determinism
testability
_
parsimony
108
The observation should do something useful, according to _-ists
behaviourists
109
_ (1849-1936) studied publicly observable functions of the mind, and championed classical conditioning
Pavlov
110
Classical conditioning is marked by creating a _ _
conditioned response
111
Pavlov had shown that behaviour can be _, based on conditioning
changed
112
_ followed structuralism (its opposite), founded by John Watson (1878 - 1958)
behaviourism
113
According to _ (1878 - 1958), in order to become a true science, psychology needed to abandon discussion of internal mental states in favour of objectively observable data
John Watson (1878 - 1958)
114
Watson replaced structuralist discussion about mental images, ideas, and memory with stimulus and _
response
115
A _ is something that compels the senses of the experimental subject
stimulus
116
Can a stimulus and response be objectively observed and measured, according to behaviourists?
yes
117
Do behaviourists care about how the brain is stimulated and why it responds?
no, rather it is interested in if it is stimulated and if there is a response, not the mechanisms that cause it (i.e., brain physiology, etc.)
118
Classical conditioning induces _ _ by a stimulus that wouldn't normally cause such a reaction, based on the fact that the stimulus was previously paired with a different stimulus that naturally does cause that reaction
involuntary response/behaviour
119
Between nature-versus-nurture, behaviourists such as Watson would strongly focus on _, arguing that he could take any children and train them to be anything he wanted
nurture
120
B. F. Skinner (1904-90) was interested in a kind of learning system called _ _
operant conditioning
121
Operant conditioning was argue by Skinner, based on the _ _ study
Skinner box
122
A Skinner box is a chamber used to contain and automatically provide _ _ to an animal during operant conditioning experiments
behavioural feedback
123
Skinner ultimately argued that behaviour learned from conditioning isn't always _; it can be a conscious thing
passive
124
Reinforcement learning is the basis of much of _'s work
Skinner's
125
Removing an unpleasant stimulus is considered:
a) positive punishment
b) negative reinforcement
c) negative punishment
d) positive reward
a) positive punishment
126
Generating an unpleasant stimulus is considered:
a) positive punishment
b) negative reinforcement
c) negative punishment
d) positive reward
b) negative reinforcement
127
Removing a pleasant stimulus is considered:
a) positive punishment
b) negative reinforcement
c) negative punishment
d) positive reward
c) negative punishment
128
Generating a pleasant stimulus is considered:
a) positive punishment
b) negative reinforcement
c) negative punishment
d) positive reward
d) positive reward
129
Noam Chomsky (1928 - ) argued that behaviourism could never achieve its goals of explaining behaviour through conditioning because of the '_ _ _' argument
poverty of stimulus argument
130
_ _'s (1886 - 1959) studies on rats suggested that behaviour is not a cause and effect; learning can be latent
Edward Tolman
131
Edward Tolman used a _ _ _, complete with four arms, levers, and different images on each arm, in his studies on rats and latent learning
radial arm maze
132
The idea of a '_ _' (internal processes and mechanisms) and learning a behaviour without reinforcement were lessons from Edward Tolman's radial arm maze studies
cognitive maps
133
_ _ is learning in the absence of any reward or punishment conditioning, as in Tolman's maze experiments
latent learning
134
Tolman's experiments with rats and the radial arm maze demonstrated a fatal flaw in the _ approach: it cannot account for the flexibility of cognition to generate novel, intelligent behaviours that have not already been observed or performed
behaviourist
135
Flexible cognition requires more complex kinds of processing that can only be captured by positing internal processes and mechanisms, such as "_ _"
cognitive maps
136
In Tolman's maze experiment:
1) the rat wanders around, exploring the maze without food present;
2) a food reward is placed in the maze and the rat turns RIGHT to find it
3) the rat is...
placed in the maze at a different starting point
137
The results of novel behaviour in Tolman's maze experiment was demonstrated only by rats that were able to...
explore the maze before a food reward was present
138
Behavioural neuroscience uses behaviourist methodology, using _ _ (I.e., priming) protocols to train rodents and damaging parts of their brain in order to see which parts of the brain are needed in order to learn
reinforcement learning
139
Behaviourist methodology is also used when treating people with _
phobias
140
Computers use an input that is manipulated by a _, creating an output
function
141
_s are methods for producing the correct output from the input using a 'recipe' for producing the desired result
algorithms
142
_ _ (1912 - 1954) creating a machine that carried out human thinking, predating his Enigma machine, i.e., the _ machine (his name)
Alan Turing
143
The first thinking machine (not war-related) was created by Newell and _, their Logic Theorist (1956)
Simon
144
The _ _ was the first thinking machine that showed math proofs, outperforming humans and solving problems that weren't previously solved by humans
Logic Theorist (Newell and Simon, 1956)
145
Newell and Simon's 1956 Logical Theorist machine only missed the introduction of _ _ at a conference in 1954, to the research community
artificial intelligence
146
A _ is a mapping between a set of inputs and a set of outputs
function
147
The advent of electrical _ by Bell Labs replaced vacuum tubes to encode information for super computers
electrical transistors
148
_ that can fire or remain silent were viewed as encoding the ones and zeros of computers' binary system, much like the transistors in electrical computers
neurons
149
The rejection of behaviourism and the rise of computers helped lead the perspective known as _ _
cognitive revolution
150
The cognitivist perspective / cognitive revolution suggests that cognition may be viewed as a type of _, with sensory information serving as the input and a decision or behaviour serving as the output
computation
151
According to cognitivists, what happens between the input and output in the brain is referred to as _ _
information processing
152
The goal of cognitivist researchers is to determine what underlying _ the brain uses to compute its input/output functions
algorithm or program
153
Neisser's 19__ book, Cognitive Psychology, championed the cognitivist perspective
1967
154
The themes covered in Neisser's "Cognitive Psychology" book were:
1. representationalism
2. computations
3. biological
4. _
embodiment
155
The cognitivist theme of representationalism uses the idea of '_', what something stands for in the world, i.e., a mental representation
aboutness
156
The cognitivist theme of computations uses the idea of understanding what _ allows the progression from input to output in information processing
input - store - manipulate - output
function
157
The cognitivist theme of computations uses the following logic:
input - _ - manipulate - output
input - STORE - manipulate - output
158
The cognitivist theme of biology uses information based on medicine and physiology to conjure _ _, structures of the brain that are mimicked by artificial intelligence
neural networks
159
The cognitivist theme of biology is interested in the use of symbols, rather than connections. T or F?
false - they are interested in connections, rather than symbols used. they want to know how it works, not what it stands for
160
The cognitivist theme of embodiment uses the idea of the 'grounding problem', which highlights that _ are cyclical and do not offer further information
symbols
161
The cognitivist theme of embodiment uses the idea of ...that is given by perceptual, motor and emotional activity by the body in the real world, potentially eliminating the need of representation/symbols
information through experience, not representation
162
The four research methods of interest in cognitive psychology are:
case studies
_
experiments
computer simulations
correlational studies
163
Experiments require controlling the _ variable to manipulate the _ variable
controlling the independent variable to manipulate the dependent variable
164
_-_ are a research method that cannot randomly have participants selected since they test with independent variables that cannot be randomly assigned (e.g., good memory, poor sleeping habits, etc.)
quasi-experiments
165
_ are often used in illustrating reverse engineering, thinking about the brain as carrying out sequences of computational steps
flowcharts
166
Flowchart boxes illustrate different computation steps or stages not different brain areas in reverse engineering diagrams. T or F?
true
167
Reverse engineering for cognition is about the _ structure of the mind, rather than the _ structure of the brain
computational structure of the mind, not the physiological structure of the brain
168
The puzzle of how the physical body is related to mental activity is called ______.
a. the dualism divide
b. the mind-body problem
c. the mystery of mind
d. the great debate
b. the mind-body problem
169
Descartes articulated the perspective of ______.
a. monism
b. physicalism
c. dualism
d. behaviourism
c. dualism
170
The use of introspection was a hallmark method of which school of psychology?
a. behaviourism
b. cognitivism
c. structuralism
d. all of the above
c. structuralism
171
Consider the following scenario. An intergalactic team of psychologists discovers a planet with robot-like androids and is trying to understand them. Which school of psychology does a researcher probably belong to if they use the following research method?
Method 1: Determining the action responses of the robots in response to specific kinds of stimulation
a. cognitive
b. behaviourist
c. dualist
d. structuralist
b. behaviourist
172
Consider the following scenario. An intergalactic team of psychologists discovers a planet with robot-like androids and is trying to understand them. Which school of psychology does a researcher probably belong to if they use the following research method?
Method 2: Asking the robots to verbally report on their internal processes
a. cognitive
b. behaviourist
c. dualist
d. structuralist
d. structuralist
173
Consider the following scenario. An intergalactic team of psychologists discovers a planet with robot-like androids and is trying to understand them. Which school of psychology does a researcher probably belong to if they use the following research method?
Method 3: Using the response of the robot to specific kinds of stimulation in order to infer its internal mental processes
a. cognitive
b. behaviourist
c. dualist
d. structuralist
a. cognitive
174
Teaching a dog to "shake hands" on command using a food reward is an example of ______.
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. a combination of classical and operant conditioning
d. none of the above
b. operant conditioning
175
A finding in Tolman's maze experiments was that when rats were placed in a different starting point of the maze than the one they had been trained on, they went ______.
a. in the wrong direction to get the food
b. in the correction direction to get the food but only if it involved producing the exact same behaviour as when they had first found the food
c. in the correct direction to get the food but only if they had previously explored the maze
d. in the correct direction to get the food, even when they had not previously explored the maze
c. in the correct direction to get the food but only if they had previously explored the maze
176
The "cognitive revolution" led to the idea of cognition as a form of ______.
a. mental rotation
b. introspection
c. computation
d. biology
c. computation
177
In order to ensure the findings of a recent experiment are valid, Dr. Anzures performed the experiment using the same methods as the original experiment. He got the same results as the original experiment and now believes the results are valid. Which of the following terms describes what he did to verify the results?
a. replication
b. think-aloud protocol
c. duplication
d. copying
a. replication
178
How do psychologists typically deal with the challenge of cognitive differences across individuals?
a. make sure their participants are cognitively "average"
b. ignore the problem and hope for the best
c. use tasks that do not lead to large differences in performance
d. include many participants
d. include many participants
179
The ______ is the evolutionarily newest part of the brain and is comparatively bigger in humans than in any other species.
a. cerebral cortex
b. hippocampus
c. spinal cord
d. peripheral nervous system
a. cerebral cortex
180
It is very likely that the brain has gyri and sulci because they ______.
a. have specific functions to perform
b. increase the surface area that can fit in the skull
c. help blood flow
d. help migration of neurons to their proper location during development
b. increase the surface area that can fit in the skull
181
The idea that specific parts of the cortex do different jobs is known as ______.
a. functional localization
b. specific localization
c. functional processing
d. distributed processing
a. functional localization
182
People with damage to their left hemisphere are likely to have trouble with ______.
a. memory
b. spatial processing
c. control of their left hand
d. language
d. language
183
Wernicke's aphasia is to ______ as Broca's aphasia is to ______.
a. talking; hearing
b. hearing; talking
c. comprehension; production
d. production; comprehension
c. comprehension; production
184
Broca's aphasia ______.
a. affects production
b. has behavioural consequences such as slow and deliberate speech
c. affects comprehension
d. both A and B
d. both A and B
185
To say two functions are doubly dissociated indicates that those two functions ______.
a. involve the same mechanisms
b. involve different mechanisms
c. interact with each other
d. cannot function alone
b. involve different mechanisms
186
Executive control and planning is associated with the _ lobe
frontal
187
Attention and somatosensory processing is associated with the _ lobe
parietal
188
Meaning of sensory info and language is associated with the _ lobe
temporal
189
Vision is associated with the _ lobe
occipital
190
If a split-brain patient is presented with a triangle in their left visual field and a circle in their right visual field, which object will they verbally name?
a. neither the circle nor the triangle
b. both the circle and the triangle
c. the triangle
d. the circle
d. the circle
items that are seen go to the closest eye and are relayed to the opposite side of the brain; for the left-side, it would see the triangle which would be relayed to the right side of the brain which does not have a speech production area, whereas seeing the circle on the right-side, it would be relayed to the left side of the brain which does have a speech production area, which would then be repeated.
191
An EEG measures _.
a. the flow of blood in the brain
b. the electrical activity of an active brain
c. the electrical activity of a single (or very few) neuron(s)
d. the BOLD response
b. the electrical activity of an active brain
192
When the neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron cause the receiving neuron to fire more frequently we call this an ______ effect.
a. inhibitory
b. excitatory
c. action potential
d. threshold
b. excitatory
193
This type of neuron receives information from neurons and sends information to other neurons.
a. motor
b. sensory
c. association
d. neural
c. association
a.k.a. interneuron
194
Some of the same neurons will be active for both Alan and Brittany as well as some different neurons, is an example of _ encoding
sparse
195
The same neurons will be active in response to Alan and Brittany at different rates is an example of _ encoding
distributed
196
One neuron will be active for Alan and one neuron will be active for Brittany is an example of _ encoding
specificity
197
This technique simulates the basic architecture of the human brain.
a. artificial neural network
b. machine learning
c. artificial human network
d. algorithm network
a. artificial neural network
198
To simulate the basic architecture of the brain, ANN programs model layers of interconnected nodes with different activation layers. Sort these items into the typical order we see in programmed ANNs:
hidden layer 1 / output / hidden layer 2 / input
1. input
2. hidden layer 1
3. hidden layer 2
4. output
199
Which of these is not one of the basic goals of the nervous system mentioned above?
a. gather info from sensory systems
b. send info to the brain
c. secrete hormones in the bloodstream
d. direct the movement of muscles
c. secrete hormones in the bloodstream
200
The nervous system is generally divided up into which two subsystems?
a. PNS and CNS
b. brain and spinal cord
c. PNS and medial nervous systems
d. medial and CNS
a. PNS and CNS
201
What does the encephalization quotient measure in animals?
a. intelligence and cognitive ability
b. brain size relative to the animal's body
c. speed of transmitting info between the CNS and PNS
d. extent of evolutionary adaptation over the past 100 years
b. brain size relative to the animal's body - a correlate, NOT a measure
202
Tactile information in your right leg is processed on the left side of your brain. This is because most sensory information from one side of the body tends to cross over to which hemisphere?
a. ipsilateral
b. dorsal
c. frontal
d. contralateral
d. contralateral
203
What aspect of humans' lives likely drives the fact that their cerebral cortex is much larger relative to the body (i.e., the EQ) than other animals?
a. Humans require more complex voluntary behaviours than other animals
b. Human require more complex involuntary behaviours than other animals
c. Humans require more complex voluntary and involuntary behaviours than other animals
a. Humans require more complex voluntary behaviours than other animals
204
Which of these is the best description of the different functional specializations of the two hemispheres?
a. left: spatial reasoning - right: language
b. left; language - right: spatial reasoning
c. left: language - right: math reasoning
d. left: emotion - right: spatial reasoning
b. left; language - right: spatial reasoning
The difference between the left and right hemisphere can often be overstated, but there is a strong body of research indicating that, for many, language is processed more dominantly in the left hemisphere, while spatial processing is more dominantly processed in the right hemisphere.
205
Which of the following did the case of Phineas Gage, the railroad worker who had an accident in which a metal bar penetrated his skull, give researchers evidence to support?
a. people can recover from TBI
b. different parts of the brain serve different functions
c the brain works as one whole unit
d. the frontal lobe is not critical to function normally
b. different parts of the brain serve different functions
206
A patient presents in a doctor's office who speaks quickly and with apparent ease but his language is difficult to understand. He is likely suffering from which kind of language deficit?
a. Broca's aphasia
b. Wernicke's aphasia
c. word salad
d. both Wernicke's and Broca's aphasia
b. Wernicke's aphasia
207
Where must you present an object to a split-brain patient if you want them to name that object?
a. left eye
b. right eye
c. left visual field
d. right visual field
d. right visual field
If a patient is staring straight ahead at a fixation point, their visual fields should be evenly divided. Since information is processed contralaterally, this will allow the information presented in their right visual field to be processed by the left side of their brain. This area has easier access to conscious verbalization.
208
Sam is participating in a sleep study. Researchers place electrodes to Sam's scalp which are connected to an EEG. What kind of information will be provided by the EEG?
a. changes in blood flow
b. areas of the brain that are necessary to sleep functions
c. electrical activity of the brain during sleep
d. the kind of neurotransmitters released during sleep
c. electrical activity of the brain during sleep
EEG measures the electrical activity due to action potentials that continue to be active during sleep and may be measured by the electrodes.
209
Which TWO of these statements are true about EEG relative to fMRI? (Note: You must choose two selections!)
a. EEG takes less temporally frequent measurements
b. EEG takes more spatially precise measurements
c. EEG takes more temporally frequent measurements
d. EEG takes less spatially precise measurements
c and d
EEG is measuring the temporal activity of electrical communication. fMRI is measuring the changes in blood flow between active and relatively less active regions of the brain.
210
Which method can tell researchers whether some portion of the brain is causally involved in performing a specific function?
a. electroencephalography (EEG)
b. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
c. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
d. functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
c. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
TMS can causally effect a region so that dependent variables can be more directly observed.
211
Researchers who study dreams may be interested in figuring out the content of their participant's dreams (i.e., what kind of event or objects they were dreaming about) even if the participant can't remember the dream to report it. Which technique would be most useful for making this kind of inference?
a. electroencephalography (EEG)
b. multi-voxel pattern analysis
c. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
d. analysis of lesions to the brain
b. multi-voxel pattern analysis
This method analyzes typical patterns of brain activity to predictably connect that pattern to a cognition (mental image, feeling, etc).
212
"I am very important. I provide support and protection as well as maintain the overall physical environment of the brain," says Roger. "I am also important. I appear to be the basis for cognition!" responds Rebecca. In this case, which type of neuron is Roger and which type is Rebecca?
a. Roger: glial cell - Rebecca: neuron
b. Roger: neuron - Rebecca: glial cell
c. Roger: neuron - Rebecca: network
d. Roger: network - Rebecca: glial cell
a. Roger: glial cell - Rebecca: neuron
Glia are support cells (there are various types) and neurons are the cells of the nervous system (there are also a variety of types!).
213
What is the part of a neuron that sends information within the neuron?
a. dendrite
b. axon
c. synapse
d. receptor
b. axon
Axons send information away from the cell. They can be either myelinated or unmyelinated.
214
When a receiving neuron reaches a certain threshold of activation it produces an impulse of electrical activity within the cell body that travels down the axon. When this happens, we say that which of the following is taking place?
a. reuptake
b. action electrical pulse
c. movement potential
d. action potential
d. action potential
he cells have received enough excitatory input which cause the cell to fire and sets a cascade of events into action throughout the length of the cell
215
Which of the following best explains the process of communication between neurons?
a. excitatory
b. electrical
c. chemical
d. inhibitory
c. chemical
Neurotransmitters are chemicals used to communicate between cells. These are essentially hormones that are active in the nervous system.
216
They receive signals from the CNS with axons that terminate on muscle fibres [not asking for efferent vs afferent]
motor neurons
Sensory neurons are receptor cells that send information to the brain, motor neurons receive information from the brain and send them "out", and association neurons connect the two.
217
They receive info from neurons and send info to other neurons
association neurons
Sensory neurons are receptor cells that send information to the brain, motor neurons receive information from the brain and send them "out", and association neurons connect the two.
218
They receive info from neurons and send info to other neurons
association neurons
Sensory neurons are receptor cells that send information to the brain, motor neurons receive information from the brain and send them "out", and association neurons connect the two.
219
In the neural circuit discussed above, the fact that several sensory receptors send a signal to a single neuron is an example of what type of neural mechanism?
a. divergence
b. convergence
c. transduction
d. inhibition
b. convergence
220
Hubel and Weisel found neurons in the cat cortex that responded to a light stimulus with what specific feature?
a. colour
b. orientation
c. brightness
d. texture
b. orientation
Hubel and Weisel found that when a projector slide was moved in different directions, creating shadowed lines, the neuron would respond.
221
In distributed encoding, which of the following is most likely the brain response you would see when recognizing two people, Nancy and Beth?
a. one neuron will fire for Nancy and a different neuron will fire for Beth
b. completely different neurons will fire for Nancy and Beth
c. Many of the same neurons will fire for Nancy and Beth but at different rates
d. it depends on how familiar Nancy and Beth are to the person
c. Many of the same neurons will fire for Nancy and Beth but at different rates.
Distributed encoding argues that many neurons would be active in response but the specific pattern of response would signal unique images.
222
If a neuron is tuned to respond to a specific feature in the environment (such as an oriented edge) what effect will that neuron have on other neurons it is connected to when that feature is present?
a. it will have an excitatory effect
b. it will have an inhibitory effect
c. it may have an excitatory or an inhibitory effect
d. it will have neither an excitatory or an inhibitory effect
c. it may have an excitatory or an inhibitory effect
The feature tuning of a neuron determines when that neuron gets excited, but that excitement can be excitatory or inhibitory on the neurons it is connected to.
223
To simulate the basic architecture of the brain, ANN programs model layers of interconnected "nodes" with different activation levels. What is the typical order we see in programmed ANNs?
a. input, output, layer
b. input, layer, output
c. layer, input, layer, output
d. output, layer, input, output
b. input, layer, output
t is modeled that there is external information taken in, computation, and then an output.
224
The dorsal refers to the _ of the body
top
225
The ventral refers to the _ of the body
bottom
226
The anterior refers to the _ of the body
front
227
The caudal refers to the _ of the body
back/posterior
228
The contralateral side of the brain is the _ side
opposite
229
The gyri are the _ of the cortex, whereas the sulci are the _
hills; valleys
230
Deep sulci or _ divide lobes
fissures
231
The primary cluster of fibres connecting the hemispheres by several groups of fibres is the _ _
corpus callosum
232
_ refers to language deficits due to brain damage
aphasia
233
_ aphasia (or expressive aphasia_ typically occurs due to damage to the inferior (lower) frontal gyrus
Broca's aphasia
234
_ aphasia is marked by very slow and deliberate speech, sometimes consisting of single words uttered one at a time (not a motor problem in controlling the mouth or other organs of speech)
Broca's
235
Do Broca's aphasia patients have problems with writing or typing out language?
yes - it is a problem with identifying and stringing together the right words into fluid speech
236
_ aphasia (also called receptive aphasia) occurs due to damage to the superior (upper) temporal gyrus
Wernicke's
237
_ aphasia is marked by speech that is fluid and largely grammatical but lacks understandable meaning (more comprehension than production)
Wernicke
238
Language production and language comprehension are double _ - one function can be maintained while the other is impaired
double dissociated
239
If a split-brain patient is asked to response to a triangle in their left visual field and a circle in their right visual field, then will draw the object in the _ visual field and verbally repeat the object in the _ visual field
left;
right
240
The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the _ and the _ lobes
occipital and parietal lobes
241
The central sulcus separates the _ and the _ lobes
frontal and parietal
242
The lateral fissure separates these lobes: frontal, parietal, and _ lobes
temporal
243
The _ lobe is associated with:
attention
somatosensory processing
sensory integration
parietal
244
The _ lobe is associated with
meaning of sensory info
meaning of language
visual memory
temporal
245
The _ lobe is associated with
executive control
planning
frontal
246
EEG measures the electrical charges in response to a presented stimulus, which is called an _-_ p_
event-related potential (ERP)
247
_-_ _'s are measured in uVs
event-related potential (ERP)s
248
Event-related potentials are graphed according to potential (uV on the y-axis) and ...
time measured in ms on the x-axis
249
You can measure the flow of blood in the brain using _ _ _ _
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
250
EEGs are considered a/n in/direct measurement of brain activity
direct measurement
251
fMRI are considered a/n in/direct measurement of brain activity
indirect - it relies on neurons that fire require replenishing their resources and nutrients
252
Hemodynamic responses occur in which the blood delivers oxygen more quickly to _ neurons than to _ neurons
active than inactive
253
_ depends on the theory of hemodynamic responses in order to measure blood in the brain by using the changes in the ratio of oxygenated to de-oxygenated blood in order to infer that brain activity has taken place and oxygen is being used up by neurons
fMRI
254
The s_ method is used in fMRI to measure brain activity when participants perform the task they wish to study and compare to when the participant is engaging in a different task or no task at all. The portions of the brain that are more active when the participant is doing the task of interest are assumed to be more heavily involved in that task
subtraction
255
Multi-variate (or multi-voxel) pattern analysis (MVPA) is a type of _ data tool to determine what a participant is seeing or thinking simply by examining their pattern of brain activity
fMRI
256
A more affordable and portable research method to fMRI to measure hemodynamic response (albeit with less accuracy) is function _-_ _ , which uses light in order to measure oxygenated vs non-oxygenated hemoglobal, a component of blood
near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
257
fMRI and EEG are _ techniques
correlational
258
_ _ _ can go further than fMRI and EEG by determining the CAUSAL effects of specific brain regions on behaviour, using strong pulses that are able to penetrate through the skull and temporarily disrupt the electrical activity of the brain
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
259
TMS has _ spatial and _ temporal resolution
high; high
260
Limitations of TMS include
an inability to precisely pinpoint what effect it is having on the brain and
it may generate _ or _ behaviour in neurons, depending on the state of the brain when it is applied
excitatory or inhibitory
261
Conversion of info from the physical domain to a neural code is called t_
transduction
262
Wundt developed the first ideas about:
experimentation
attention
_
language
memory
263
William James, the father of American psychology, championed _, and was interested in studying the purpose of thought, rather than its elements
functionalism
concerned with prediction and control through direct observation - why are things happening the way they do?
264
_ism offered a way to study publicly observable functions of the mind
Behaviourism
Pavlov's dog experiment is an example of showing how behaviour can change, and that it can be studied
265
Skinner developed _ conditioning, which involves behaviour modification frequently used today
operant
a type of behaviourism (championed by Watson)
266
_ argued that behaviour is not just a result of cause and effect; learning can be latent (no reward or punishment)
Tolman
mouse can learn how to find food if searches maze before experiment
267
Attention, problem solving and _ _ were important for cognitivists
decision making
268
The four themes in cognitive psychology are:
1. representationalism - how the unobservable mind can act on the real world
2. computation - assumes the mind is an info processor
3. biological perspective - believes info is represented as patterns of activity between interconnected neurons in a way similar to the brain
4. _ _ - the study of cognition as we interact with the world
embodied cognition
269
A _ would argue that info isn't represented by symbols; it is a pattern of activation spread across units
connectionist ( a biological perspective)
270
Levels of processing theory is a type of _ problem because although items have representation, it doesn't explain how it happens
grounding
vs. embodied cognition - eliminates the need for representations by perceptual, motor and emotional activity given to the body)
