Ch 4

Question 1

This is _: taking in information through our senses and processing it in order to determine what is out there in the world

Answer 1

perception

Question 2

T or F: there is not a gap between the information coming into our senses and the kind of information that the brain actually wants to figure out about the world

Answer 2

false - quite the opposite. There can be a huge disconnect, for which it requires an accelerated brain to understand

Question 3

_, the conversion of physical properties of the world or body into a neural code by the peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

sensation

Question 4

The conversion of physical properties of the world or body into a neural code by the PNS takes place in the _ _s

Answer 4

sensory neurons

Question 5

Sensory neurons are spread throughout the _ nervous system

Answer 5

peripheral

Question 6

Sensory neurons respond by specific kinds of physical properties such as:
_
heat
light

Answer 6

pressure

Question 7

Does physical stimulation always lead to excitation of a sensory neuron?

Answer 7

no, but often it does

Question 8

Excitation of the neuron means there are more frequent _ _

Answer 8

action potentials

Question 9

_ is the process of converting physical stimulation into a neural code

Answer 9

transduction

Question 10

Transduction may be thought of as a kind of _ of local conditions in the environment and the body

Answer 10

measurement; as though a barometer

Question 11

Order of perception:
1. …
2. the neural code is passed along to the central nervous system to be processed
3. processing in the cortex generates behaviour

Answer 11

1. the senses have converted their measurements into a neural code, i.e., transduction

Question 12

T or F: we see with our eyes or hear with our ears

Answer 12

False - we do so with our brain which converts sensory signals from those parts into our senses

Question 13

Sensory stimulus consists of _ of local measurements of pressure/temperature made by specialized neurons embedded in your skin

Answer 13

millions

Question 14

To perceive the identify of an object when touching something, the brain must combine millions of sensory measurements and .compare the input to…

Answer 14

stored representations of that which has been encountered before

Question 15

Does perception require some or a majority of the cortex?

Answer 15

the majority - it’s a difficult problem

Question 16

Senses involve measuring and interpreting properties of the external environment, which is called _eption

Answer 16

exteroception

Question 17

Gustation/taste is based on substance-bound _ _ in the mouth

Answer 17

chemical compounds

Question 18

The five _n senses include: touch, gustation/taste, olfaction/smell, vision/seeing

Answer 18

exteroception

Question 19

We have multiple senses that measure properties of our own body, which is called _ception

Answer 19

interoception

Question 20

_eption is the sense of where in space our limbs are

Answer 20

proprioception

Question 21

Nociception is the sense of…

Answer 21

pain due to bodily damage

Question 22

_ception is our sense of balance

Answer 22

equilibrioception

Question 23

Two additional senses that measure properties of our own body include…
the feeling of something in your throat
the sense of f…

Answer 23

fullness from eating

Question 24

There are _ broad classes of sensory receptors found throughout different parts of the body

Answer 24

four

Question 25

_ceptors have specialized nerve endings that respond to concentrations of chemicals in their local environment

Answer 25

chemoreceptors

Question 26

Chemoreceptors are found in your _ and _, and they are also present in less obvious places, like the skin or internal organs, where they can measure buildup of chemicals related to tissue damage

Answer 26

nose and mouth

Question 27

By measuring buildup or chemicals related to tissue DAMAGE, chemoreceptors can support a kind of _ception

Answer 27

nociception

Question 28

_ceptors are stimulated by physical force and are present throughout multiple parts of the body

Answer 28

mechanoreceptors

Question 29

Mechanoreceptors are present in multiple parts including the skin, where they detect _ due to touch; the inner ear where they detect air _; and the arteries, where they detect blood _

Answer 29

pressure due to touch
air vibrations
blood pressure

Question 30

_ceptors are stimulated by heat or cold and may be found in the skin as well as throughout several internal organs

Answer 30

thermoreceptors

Question 31

_ceptors have responses that are modified by light, and are found only in the eye

Answer 31

photoreceptors

Question 32

Increased light energy sensed by photoreceptors results in a _ level of neurotransmitters being released

Answer 32

lower level of neurotransmitters being released

• perhaps it assumes that we are in a light-filled space, and is more interested in when it’s dark to thwart predators?

Question 33

T or F: typically, sensory receptors respond more vigorously with greater amounts of stimulation, apart from photoreceptors

Answer 33

true - photoreceptors seem more interested in when it’s dark than when it’s light out

Question 34

One-third to one-half of the cortex is involved in _ processing

Answer 34

visual

Question 35

_ is the most widely studied and best understood of the modalities and therefore provides a lot of insight into the methods and findings of cognitive research into perception

Answer 35

vision

Question 36

T or F: lessons drawn from the visual system have application to the other sensory modalities as well

Answer 36

true - they all depend on the same process of transduction of physical energy into a neural code by the senses, transmission to the brain through subcortical and then cortical structures, and then processing in the cortex to generate behaviour

Question 37

_ is the fastest thing in the universe, making it ideal for trying to infer detailed spatial properties of objects even when they are far away

Answer 37

light

Question 38

In order for light to enter the eye, it must first pass through the _, which is a transparent, rubbery layer of tissue at the front of the eye

Answer 38

cornea

Question 39

The cornea _s light in order to help it land on the correct part of the eye

Answer 39

bends

Question 40

After the cornea, the light passes through a small opening in the _, the circular ring of coloured muscle at the front of the eyeball

Answer 40

iris

Question 41

The small opening in the iris is called the _

Answer 41

pupil

Question 42

The _ can contract and relax in order to change the size of the _ to allow in more or less light

Answer 42

the iris moves to change the amount the pupil takes in

Question 43

The cornea is the clear portion of the anterior area of the eye, then there is a space, the pupil for light to bypass, and then it is…

Answer 43

focused more by the lens

Question 44

The order that light enters the eyes is…

Answer 44

1. cornea
2. pupil
3. lens (contracts and focuses)

Question 45

Functional _zation, the concept that specific brain areas are concerned with specific types of capabilities

Answer 45

functional localization

Question 46

Visual _s, cases in which a person has difficulty recognizing or perceiving one kind of visual stimulus while maintaining the ability to process other kinds of stimuli

Answer 46

visual agnosias

Question 47

Prosopagnosia is a marked difficulting in recognizing…

Answer 47

individual faces, not faces in general

Question 48

T OR F: individuals diagnosed with prosopagnosia suffer from general visual or memory difficulties

Answer 48

false - they are able to recognize objects and remember their function and can also recall names and facts about people as well

Question 49

Can those with prosopagnosia not recognize their own reflection?

Answer 49

yes, remarkably

Question 50

Prosopagnosia is also NOT associated with _ agnosia, those who can recognize faces but not everyday objects such as tools, eating implements, and so on

Answer 50

semantic agnosia

Question 51

Is semantic agnosia only a visual deficit?

Answer 51

yes, people understand what items are used for, they just can’t recognize them unless prompted

Question 52

The existence of dissociated agnosias suggest that these different visual capabilities may depend on…

Answer 52

different regions of the brain

Question 53

Imaging studies support the view that dissociated agnosias depend on…

Answer 53

different regions of the brain

Question 54

The _ face area (FFA) is in the inferior temporal cortex, or on the left side of the brain facing below

Answer 54

fusiform face area

Question 55

The FFA shows greater activity when people engage in a _ recognition task than when they perform other kinds of recognition (Kanwisher et al., 1992)

Answer 55

facial recognition task

Question 56

By showing greater activity in a region during a specific recognition task, we can determine that similar individuals with deficit in that area will…

Answer 56

have difficulties with performing said recognition task

Question 57

The lateral occipital cortex (LOC) is selectively activated when people do…

Answer 57

an object recognition task

Question 58

The presence of specialized brain activity has suggested to some researchers that these parts of the brain are geared towards processing … of objects

Answer 58

particular classes - depending on the brain region, one may have deficits in tasks specific to only particular objects, as opposed to general issues with all objects

Question 59

Do all researches suggest that brain regions are specialized for certain classes of objects?

Answer 59

no - some argue certain KINDS OF PROCESSING occur to apply to these objects (Gautherier and Tarr)

Question 60

Gauthier and Tarr proposed that the FFA is not concerned with faces per see, but rather with the ability to discriminate between… based on experiments in which participants learn to discriminate between sets of visually similar computer-generated stimuli called Greebles

Answer 60

visually similar stimuli

Question 61

Gauthier and Tarr argue that FFA is associated with faces because…

Answer 61

of the social importance of being able to distinguish people, rather than using the fusiform face area specific to face recognition

Question 62

After the visual input first reaches the visual cortex, the axons leading away diverge in two different directions, referred to as different _s of _n

Answer 62

streams of information

Question 63

The _ stream of information projects upward and terminates in the parietal lobe, while the _ stream projects downward and terminates in the temporal lobe

Answer 63

dorsal stream moves up and front, ventral moves down and to the left site

Question 64

Mishkin and Ungerleider (1982) observed monkeys that had lesions to either their dorsal or ventral stream of information [for vision]. They found that monkeys with _ damage had difficulty doing a visual matching task when it involved determining whether some object was the same or different across trials

Answer 64

ventral damage - moving down and to the left site, in the temporal lobe

Question 65

Mishkin and Ungerleider (1982) observed monkeys that had lesions to either their dorsal or ventral stream of information [for vision]. They found that monkeys with _ damage could do a visual matching task when it involved determining whether some object was the same or different across trials, but had difficulty when they had to compare the LOCATION of an object across trials

Answer 65

dorsal damage - moving up towards the parietal lobe

Question 66

Mishkin and Ungerleider (1982)’s study on monkeys with lesions determined that ventral stream is concerned with processing the “” aspects of visual input, whereas the dorsal stream is concerned with the “” aspects

Answer 66

what - ventral
where, how - dorsal

Question 67

The _ lobe integrates internal and external perceptions (dorsal pathway)

Answer 67

parietal

Question 68

The _ lobe processes schematic memory (ventral pathway)

Answer 68

temporal

Question 69

Goodale and Milner (1991) argued that pathway of information damage affects perception if it does not include _

Answer 69

action - a patient with ventral damage but intact dorsal stream was able to turn a letter as if putting it into a mailbox, but otherwise was not able to match a line on its orientation, simply by looking at it. it is by the doing (i.e., visually guided behaviour) that damages were able to be overcome

Question 70

T or F: Goodale and Milner had seen that patients with dorsal damage but an intact ventral stream were able to do a perceptual matching task perfectly, but were not able to perform a visually guided action

Answer 70

true - they conversely had seen patients with ventral damage but an intact dorsal stream not be able to do a perceptual matching task, but were able to perform a visually guided action

Question 71

Goodale and Milner’s theory suggests the dorsal/ventral streams process which kind of information, respectively?

a) size/distance
b) where/what
c) meaning/form
d) action/perception

Answer 71

d) action/perception

Yes, the dorsal stream, towards the parietal lobe focuses on action and “where” things are relative to your body in space and the ventral stream, towards the temporal lobe determines “what” things are

this makes sense, considering the dorsal stream goes towards motor information in the cortex

Question 72

Perceptual processing is your brain’s attempt to construct a … based on sensory input

Answer 72

a mental model of the external world

Question 73

Perceptual processing is your brain’s attempt to construct a a mental model of the external world based on sensory input. This is considered the _e _n model

Answer 73

constructive perception model

Question 74

According to the constructive perception model, _ _ are based on the inferred model rather than on the sensory stimulation itself

Answer 74

behavioural decisions

Question 75

German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz determined that sensory stimulus would consist of a pattern of stimuli (air vibrations, etc.) while the precept is the sense (sound of a baby crying). He referred to this perspective as “_ inference”

Answer 75

unconscious inference

we create a mental model of the external world based on sensory input

Question 76

An image falling on each of one’s two eyes is somewhat different because of the angle of light hitting them. But perceptually, we tend to only see one copy of the world out there. These observations suggest that our brains…and turn it into a stable, unified model of the world

Answer 76

take an unstable, divided sensory input

Question 77

The idea that our brains take an unstable, divided sensory input and turn it into a stable, unified model of the world is aligned with the “_s _” model

Answer 77

unconscious inference model

Question 78

_ perception involves a sensory stimulus, a mental model, and then action

Answer 78

constructive perception

Question 79

_ perception involves sensory stimulus and action in a continuous loop

Answer 79

direct perception

Question 80

The direct perception model rejects the idea that the brain…which is used to guide behaviour

Answer 80

constructs an intermediate mental model of the world which is then used to guide behaviour

direct perception suggests there is only sensory input and action based on that input

Question 81

James J. Gibson, American psychologist, did important work on behaviours such as locomotion based on the _ perception viewpoint, often referred to as “Gibsonian”

Answer 81

direct perception viewpoint

Question 82

T or F: Gibson initially proposed the direct perception model

Answer 82

false - it was proposed by physiologist Muller, teacher of Helmholtz (constructive perception model) who suggested that nerves form pathways that led directly from sensation to behaviour

Question 83

You are using your vision to walk towards a desk that is a few feet away from you in a room. The properties of light on the eye are used by the brain to infer the location of a desk in 3D. You then execute motor movements that correspond with moving your body in that direction in space for the correct amount of time to reach the desk. This model is indicative of the _ perception perspective

Answer 83

constructive

Question 84

You are using your vision to walk towards a desk that is a few feet away from you in a room. According to the _ perception model, you would start moving your body in such a way that the image of the desk in the center of your field of view and continues to correct and update your motion if the image of the desk strays to the right or left

Answer 84

direct perception model - interplay from visual stimulus and action behaviour

Question 85

The entire notion of an external world, filled with objects and other people laid out in 3D space is a _ of the brain, based on available sensory evidence. This is indicative of the _ [similar word] theory of perception

Answer 85

construct; constructive perception

Question 86

T or F: sensory evidence is unambiguous according to the construct perception model

Answer 86

false - it is ambiguous; any sensory stimulus is consistent with many possible distal stimuli

Question 87

The ambiguous nature of sensory stimuli is best understood when considering _, the rare examples where our brain consistently makes the wrong guess

Answer 87

illusions

Question 88

Illusions reveal the underlying …during perception

Answer 88

the underlying assumptions that the brain makes during perception

Question 89

A surface that is “white” typically reflects _% of the light that hits it, whereas for “black” it’s _%

Answer 89

90%; 10%

Question 90

Our perceptual brain is more concerned with the properties of an object that remain stable…

Answer 90

across variable conditions

Question 91

Having properties of an object remain stable across variable conditions is a property of the _ perception model

Answer 91

constructive perception model

Question 92

A surface’s _ refers to our perception of how dark or light an object’s surface is. This perception tends to map well to the physical reflectance of the surface

Answer 92

a surface’s LIGHTNESS

Question 93

What do illusions reveal about the assumptions that the brain makes during perception?

a) perception is not as useful as sensation
b) these assumptions are usually incorrect
c) perception often depends on guesses
d) our brains cannot be tricked

Answer 93

c) perception often depends on guesses

Question 94

Staring at an imagine of a (Necker) cube compels the brain to change its interpretation of which direction it’s pointing, suggestive of the _ility of perception

Answer 94

bi-stability; bi-stable

Question 95

The “dress illusion” suggests the _ility of perception

Answer 95

bi-stability

Question 96

Illusions and effects of bi-stability are rare. T OR F?

Answer 96

true - they don’t happen alot

Question 97

There are two mechanisms in perception:
- processing
- processing

Answer 97

bottom-up
top-down

Question 98

- processing does not require any general knowledge of the stimulus

Answer 98

bottom-up; induce - make assumptions based on data

Question 99

- processing is where we leverage knowledge or expectations that are not in the sensory stimulus itself in order to process it

Answer 99

top-down processing; we deduce, based on what we know already

Question 100

The phonemic restoration effect involves the brain…based on expectations about which sounds belong in that portion of speech

Answer 100

the brain “filling in” missing sounds from a speech signal, based on expectations…

Question 101

Phonemic restoration effect is an example of - processing

Answer 101

top-down; deduce

Question 102

While the retina image is a continuous array of measurements, your brain may want to know how to divide up the image into different objects and regions. This is the problem of _ _

Answer 102

image segmentation i.e., recognizing its individual parts (whether of a body, an item, etc.)

Question 103

While an image is 2D, the brain seeks 3D info. this is the problem of _ perception

Answer 103

depth

Question 104

Your brain wants to identify what objects are. This is the problem of _ recognition

Answer 104

object recognition

Question 105

Which of the following would be necessary in order to count the number of objects in an image?

a) depth perception
b) top-down processing
c) image segmentation
d) visual group

Answer 105

c) image segmentation

Question 106

Assigning light/dark boundaries within an image and then assigning the boundary to one side or the other of an object is known as the - assignment

Answer 106

figure-ground

Question 107

Rubin’s vase/face image is an example of - assignment illusion (in addition to being a bi-stable stimulus)

Answer 107

figure-ground assignment

Question 108

The general bias to assign figure or ground such that the assigned figure has a shape in which more of the contour is protruding outward/_, rather than inward. This is why, in an image with a purple pac-man and a blue triangle, we assume the blue triangle is in the foreground, and the purple is in the background

Answer 108

convex; shows convexity

Question 109

_ refers to the tendency to assign figure or ground such that the resulting figure has bilateral mirror _ [same word]: the contours on each side are a mirror image of each other

Answer 109

symmetry

Question 110

We assume imagines that are a _ region are the figure/foreground of an image, whereas its opposite is the background

Answer 110

smaller region is figure/foreground, larger is background

Question 111

The brain assigns figure so that the resulting objects have shapes that are…

Answer 111

consistent with objects previously encountered in the world before

Question 112

Combining spatially separate regions into unified wholes is referred to as _ _ing, a process first described by Gestalt psychology

Answer 112

visual grouping

Question 113

_ psychology has 3 laws for grouping cues

Answer 113

Gestalt

Question 114

The three grouping cues according to Gestalt psychology are:
similarity - those that are similar are grouped
proximity - those nearby are grouped
_

Answer 114

good continuation - a straight or a smooth, continuous path are seen as belonging together, rather than a sharp discontinuity

Question 115

Grouping similar items can vary according to their properties, such as:
colour
_
shape, etc.

Answer 115

luminance

Question 116

Seeing two straight, overlapping lines rather than two “v” shapes connected at the vertex is indicative of the Gestalt law of “_ _”

Answer 116

continuation

Question 117

Matching an object to an image stored in memory, point by point, is called the _ model of recognition

Answer 117

template model of recognition; store the original image, much like a camera stores photos in a memory card

Question 118

The template model of recognition is considered a failure for trying to recognize objects in the real world because…

Answer 118

every time you view an object its external factors change (depth, lighting, viewpoint), making it complicated, and requiring flexible thinking (much as it’s difficult for machine vision to recognize certain items)

Question 119

_ is the ability to identify the same object or person across variations

Answer 119

identification

Question 120

We can recognize something as a member of a group even if we have never encountered that specific example before. This type of recognition is called _

Answer 120

classification

Question 121

Some would argue that it is _ rather than how an object looks in its entirety that help one identify it

Answer 121

features; e.g., wagging tail and ears meaning a dog, although individual tails and ears may differ substantially

Question 122

_ _ is the goal of getting a computer to segment, locate and recognize objects in images

Answer 122

machine/computer vision

Question 123

Human-level computer recognition of everyday objects, _ _, is not possible until computers can learn the right features to use

Answer 123

general recognition

Question 124

The example of flowers above the phrases “he slept in the bed” and “the rose was bright red” illustrate that _ of sentences affects how you read, an example of top-down processing/deduction

Answer 124

context

Question 125

Irving Biederman (1972) compared accuracy in a fast recognition task and found that appearing in the correct context led to better and faster accuracy in identifying the target object. This is a concept referred to as _ _a

Answer 125

scene schema

Question 126

Barenholtz’ (2014) study had shown that context facilitates recognition, allowing people to recognize objects with less resolution while in a familiar context _ the necessary resolution even more

Answer 126

decreases; if you know what to expect, then you are more likely to make inferences than make use of limited sensory info, based on the context it’s in

Question 127

Some of the most powerful computer vision algorithms are based on _ _ _ (CNNs), a class of artificial _ _ [last two words] that learn features that can appear in different locations in an image that are useful in order to recognize an image as being a member of a category

Answer 127

convolutional neural networks (CNNs)

Question 128

A _n is an operation that takes in an image and performs some math operation on it in order to produce a different image

Answer 128

convolution

Question 129

An array of numbers that may be multiplied by the values of an image produce an output number. In CNNs, these are used to detect the presence of image features or _ls/_rs

Answer 129

kernels/filters

Question 130

A representation in a convolutional neural network of how much of a given feature is present across different locations in an image: _ _p

Answer 130

feature map

Question 131

_: the study of how the external world gets represented in our brain/mind so that we can understand and act upon what’s going on around us

Answer 131

perception

Question 132

Observations from patients with visual _ give us an indication of the process that occurs during vision

Answer 132

agnosias

Question 133

Is visual agnosia a problem with knowledge?

Answer 133

no

Question 134

Deficit in visual agnosias occurs before? after? basic visual processing, likely from damage to cortex (_-primary visual cortex)

Answer 134

AFTER basic visual processing, likely POST-primary visual cortex

Question 135

Visual agnosia is a deficit in recognition despite normal…

Answer 135

normal vision

Question 136

patients with _ agnosia are unable to name, match or discriminate visually presented objects (i.e., cannot copy them)

Answer 136

apperceptive agnosia

Question 137

Apperceptive agnostic patients can’t combine basic visual information into a… therefore they show deficits in copying as well

Answer 137

complete percept

Question 138

Apperceptive agnostic patients can’t bring _ visual elements into …

Answer 138

separate visual elements into a whole

Question 139

Patients with _ agnosia cannot associate a visual pattern with meaning - they can’t recognize what they see, although they are able to copy it

Answer 139

associative agnosia - cannot make inferences on the object, despite noticing its shape, qualities, etc.

Question 140

Patients with associative agnosia are not/able? to combine visual features into a whole, so they are not/able? to copy well

Answer 140

they ARE able to copy it and are able to do so well

Question 141

T OR F: Patients with associative agnosia can mimic its use when possessing a real object, and can then possibly recognize it.

Answer 141

true - it is those with apperceptive agnosia that have more difficulties

Question 142

Patient data tells us there are separate steps to visual perception:
1. input/sensation
2. basic visual components assembled
3…

Answer 142

meaning is linked to visual input

Question 143

Those with apperceptive agnosia have issues with the _ step of visual perception

Answer 143

the 3rd step, i.e., meaning is linked to visual input

Question 144

The _ _r is the false assumption that the structure of the world is directly given from our senses

Answer 144

experience error - if that were the case, illusions wouldn’t exist

Question 145

The inverse projection problem illustrates that…

Answer 145

the structure of the world is based on INTERPRETATION of stimuli, rather than simply stimuli

Question 146

A grey rectangle visualization in a backdrop that changes from black to white that appears it changes in colour (but is technically the same grey colour) is evidence of an experience error, specifically the _s _t illusion

Answer 146

simultaneous contrast illusion

Question 147

The two similar red lines transplanted on an escalator that one appears further away appear different in length despite being the same is the _ illusion

Answer 147

Ponzo illusion

Question 148

T or F: Our perception of the world is a copy of what Is out there - there are different clues, etc. that are needed to understand the world

Answer 148

true

Question 149

We have the impression of seeing a continuous image of the world, however our eyes follow a series of - cycles

Answer 149

fixation-saccade cycles

Question 150

Conscious visual information in movement is _ because it is a blur and confusing

Answer 150

suppressed, i.e., saccade

Question 151

What is seen on an image of varying depths (e.g., person beside an ocean) are _ spots, otherwise a series of on-off on-off vision, provided by saccade

Answer 151

fixated spots

Question 152

The _ approach is concerned with discovering how the brain represents and interprets distal stimulus

Answer 152

computational approach

Question 153

Distal stimuli - _ items in the environment for which one has a mental representation

Answer 153

physical

Question 154

Proximal stimuli are defined as stimuli that reaches…

Answer 154

your senses

Question 155

The _ approach uses organizational principles to create meaning perception of the environment - understanding content

Answer 155

Gestalt approach

Question 156

The perception/_n approach assumes the goals of _ [same word] help determine perception, understanding how to BEHAVE with content

Answer 156

action

Question 157

The major difference between approaches for studying perception is whether the goal is r_ or a_

Answer 157

recognition or action

approaches are:
1. computational - how the brain represents and interprets distal stimulus
2. Gestalt - org principles to create meaningful perception of the environment (‘big picture’
3. perception/action - goals of action help determine perception

Question 158

Most approaches of studying perception follow bottom-up/top-down processing

Answer 158

bottom-up (data-driven)

Question 159

We induce something, therefore we use - thinking

Answer 159

bottom-up (data propels theory)…you inquire about data to find a solution

Question 160

Perception is influenced by our prior knowledge, memories and experiences. This is indicative of the - approach to the study of perception

Answer 160

top-down processing approach (deduct to data; theory to data)

Question 161

T OR F: Gestalt approach refers to top-down processing

Answer 161

false - Gestalt is not necessarily top-down processing

Question 162

According to template theory, a type of computational approach, we have a “_ _ for an array of different patterns. Its goal is to recognize letters and other visuals, and is used for cognitive experiments

Answer 162

mental ‘stencil’

computational approach

e.g., Pandemonium (Selfridge, 1959)

Question 163

Do humans do template matching (i.e., mental ‘stencils’) for patterns? Why/why not?

Answer 163

no, bc there are too many that could be used and every individual is different - looks at things in a different way

Question 164

Another computation approach is _e _ing, having a system for analyzing distinct _s [repeat first word] of a visual item, i.e., colours, shapes, letters, etc.

Answer 164

feature matching; analyzing distinct features

Question 165

FEature matching uses a _l model: take info, break apart, put it together and make a decision, based on bottom-up, inductive thinking

Answer 165

serial model

Question 166

T or F: The serial model (i.e., taking info, breaking it apart, putting it together and making a decision) can be done only sequentially

Answer 166

false - it can also be done with parallel processing, or simultaneously, too

Question 167

Pandemonium is an example of a _ _ing model of computational approach to perception

Answer 167

feature matching

The yelling demons analogy

Question 168

The stages of Pandemonium, an illustration of the feature matching model of perception:
1. demons take a picture of the visual
2. demons pass output to a feature demon, who counts up the individual features that exist (e.g., horizontal lines are shown twice, oblique lines are shown once, etc.)
3. cognitive demons listen to what is happening from the second demons, and start shouting what input they assume it is
4. …?

Answer 168

4. decision demons determine which cognitive demons (from step 3) are yelling the loudest, suggesting that is what the stimuli is

Question 169

There is physiological support for feature matching, based on the discovery of feature detector neurons in _ _ cortex

Answer 169

Primary visual

Question 170

Another example of the computational approach of perception is _’s recognition by components

Answer 170

Biederman’s

Question 171

Biederman’s recognition by components suggests that to understand visual recognition, you need to understand particular _s

Answer 171

components or shapes

Question 172

How does feature matching and Biederman’s recognition by components differ?

Answer 172

feature matching involves 2D shapes whereas Biederman’s theory recognized 3D shapes or geons

Question 173

Geons are view-point in/variant bc they have nonaccidental properties

Answer 173

view-point invariant; they require flexible understanding of shapes at DIFFERENT angles because they have nonaccidental properties - specific to a shape

Question 174

Recognition by components is impaired when we view objects from non-_ viewpoints / seen in a different way

Answer 174

non-canonical viewpoints

e.g., seeing water bottles from above is not helpful

Question 175

The inability for Biederman’s recognition by components to view objects by non-canonical viewpoints is continually an issue for computer _

Answer 175

computer vision

Question 176

T OR F: Biederman’s recognition by components comes from a long history of computation theories that were, for the most part, concerned with describing the physical implementation of such systems in humans

Answer 176

false - they don’t care about physical implementation, but rather what is happening not why

Question 177

T or F: evidence from psychology and physiology does not support a viewpoint invariant approach (Biederman’s recognition by components) to object identification

Answer 177

true

based on viewer-centred bias; object recognition is faster from FAMILIAR VIEWPOINTS, not invariant, and cortical neurons demonstrate viewpoint SPECIFICITY

Question 178

Arguments against bottom-up processing for perception:
1. analyzing each feature one at a time takes a long time
2. theories that rely on features cannot explain WITHIN CATEGORY discrimination
3. …?

Answer 178

3. pattern recognition can depend on top-down/conceptually driven effects

e.g., phonemic representation effect - we anticipate words based on previous experience

Question 179

We use what we know about physical properties of the world to perceive 3D objects from 2D images for bottom-up/top-down processing

Answer 179

top-down processing

Question 180

The light above heuristic suggests that we tend to see these items as _ into space, whereas we see light below as _ into space

Answer 180

light above - protruding into space
light below - receding into space

Question 181

The light from above heuristic is an example of - processing

Answer 181

top-down, since in nature we typically see items with light above as moving towards us, whereas lit from below appears to recede in the distance

Question 182

Top-down processing suggests that visualization is based on your _

Answer 182

expectations

Question 183

The image that has 25 rectangles in 5 rows that can be visualized bi-stably, shows that when assuming the middle row is the highest point, the rows beside it are of different shades of grey, whereas if the middle row is the lowest point, the rows beside it are of the same shade of grey. This is based on heuristics from - processing

Answer 183

top-down processing

we anticipate items that are light-above as lighter than those below, whereas for items with light-below, we assume they’ll be darker

Question 184

We use s_ _s to help us identify objects in familiar environments, based on top-down processing

Answer 184

scene schemas

e.g., images of a fruit that are blurred more when in a familiar context are more understandable as the object it represents than clearer images in an unfamiliar context

Question 185

“the whole is different than the sum of its parts” is indicative of _ approach to perception

Answer 185

Gestalt

• it’s hard to determine what it is when looking at features out of context

Question 186

Gestalt psychology is concerned with how perception gets organized into…

Answer 186

meaningful units

e.g., why do features of a bicycle not make sense unless it is using those shapes to draw a bicycle?

Question 187

We can use Gestalt rules of perception to predict what will be perceived based on one _ at a time - it is hard to predict the outcome of combining _s [same word], yet they are remarkably robust

Answer 187

law

Question 188

The Gestalt law of _ _n is similar to the law of common region

Answer 188

good continuation

Question 189

Top-down is not synonymous with Gestalt because the latter is concerned with the ‘_ _’, whereas the former is based on past experience

Answer 189

big picture

Question 190

The _d cognition approach came from Gibson’s direct perception approach - much earlier viewer of this contemporary approach

Answer 190

embodied cognition approach

Question 191

The embodied cognition approach considers previous approaches as _, or studying the mental representations of the world

Answer 191

indirect

Question 192

According to Gibson in his “direct perception” approach, or in the later embodied cognition approach, the environment contains all the information to…

Answer 192

perceive

Question 193

According to Gibson in his “direct perception” approach, or in the later embodied cognition approach, laboratory experiments using 2D images is in/effective? to learn about perception

Answer 193

it’s ineffective - the embodied cognition/direct perception approach values ACTION and BEHAVIOUR rather than mental representations, images, heuristics, etc.

Question 194

The image “Ceci n’est pas une pipe” is a great illustration of the _ _ approach to perception

Answer 194

embodied cognition approach to perception / direct perception approach

Question 195

According to Gibson, everything we need to know about the environment is available from the _t _c _y, according to direct perception

Answer 195

direct optic array

Question 196

The ambient optic array, according to the direct perception approach, is the structure imposed on…and contains all the information we need for perception, provided it’s constantly changing

Answer 196

light by the environment

Question 197

According to Gibson’s direct approach, _ is required to ‘pick up’ (i.e., opposite of experience error) the required information from the optic array to perceive

Answer 197

MOTION/ACTION

Question 198

According to Gibson’s direct approach, motion is described by _c _w in the ambient optic array

Answer 198

optic flow

Question 199

According to Gibson’s direct approach:
1. if there is flow in the optic array, the observer is in motion
2. the _ of flow indicates the _ [same word] the observer is moving

Answer 199

direction!

Question 200

The changing _ of vectors represent movement, including what is in the periphery changes more rapidly, whereas nearby is less so - we learn about depth and speed. This is indicative of the direct perception model

Answer 200

the changing direction of vectors

Question 201

Does Gibson’s direct perception approach value what things mean in perception?

Answer 201

no, rather how to behave with things in the environment

Question 202

The goal of perception, according to Gibson’s direct perception approach, is to provide a perceiver with info about objects’ a_ - learning more about it helps us learn how to move ourselves

Answer 202

affordances/ intended usage(s)

e.g., a tall stool is good for an adult, whereas a child would not see it necessarily as a place to sit, unless assisted. therefore, it could be seen as a tall structure…

Question 203

_’s approach is extreme for considering which affordances/intended usage(s) directly connect perception and action without the need for intervening cognitive processes

Answer 203

Gibson’s

Question 204

Gibson’s direct approach is considered extreme because it does not address:
perceptual representation (it doesn’t address what one receives by one’s senses) and
…

Answer 204

the role of memory (i.e., top-down processing)

Question 205

An experiment that had participants carry a heavy backpack that led them to think a slope is steeper than those without a backpack suggests an interaction of action and representing affects one’s perception, an argument against…

Answer 205

Gibson’s direct perception approach (action only, not representation)

Question 206

Most modern researchers believe both _ and _s are involved in perception, but that _ [first word] influences how we perceive the world

Answer 206

action and representations are involved, but that ACTION influences how we perceive the world

Question 207

Experiment #1 (orange and blue circles): Putting accuracy better when they thought the hole was bigger(little circles around it instead of large) to when it was a smaller hole – interaction between perception and action supported
Experiment #2 (orange and blue circles): when picking up the orange object, they treat it the same – independence of action and representation

Based on these results, what would research be interested in?

Answer 207

Current research: where does the interaction come in for representation and action?

Question 208

The _ _ _ (PPA) is a functional specialization for places - scenery, buildings, etc. It is found in the medial posterior view of the right hemisphere of the temporal lobe (looking up), interior to the FFA and LO

Answer 208

perihippocampal place area

Question 209

The _ _ complex (LO) is a functional specialization for manmade objects only. It is found in the the posterior view of the right hemisphere of the temporal lobe (looking up), external to the PPA and FFA

Answer 209

lateral occipital complex

Question 210

The _ _ _ (FFA) is a functional specialization for faces only. It is found in the the posterior view of the right hemisphere of the temporal lobe (looking up), between the LO and PPA

Answer 210

fusiform face area

Question 211

The _ _ _ (EBA) is a functional specialization for disembodied body parts only. It is found in the the posterior view of the right hemisphere of the temporal lobe (looking up), somewhere near the LO, FFA, and PPA

Answer 211

extrastriate body area

Question 212

_ studies have revealed different areas of activation for perception of faces, places and objects

Answer 212

imaging studies, finding localization of perception

Question 213

T OR F: deficits in motor perception and action can be found with object identification issues

Answer 213

false - as explained in the youtube video with a person with ideomotor apraxia, she may recognize items, but can’t necessarily demonstrate how to use them

Question 214

_ _a is damage to the “where or how” pathway in the left parietal cortex, along the dorsal information pathway

Answer 214

ideomotor apraxia

Question 215

Does ideomotor apraxia affect one’s same side or the side opposite to the side of the brain?

Answer 215

the side opposite to the side of the brain

e.g., ideomotor apraxia on the left-side of the brain would predict issues with actions using the RIGHT-side of the body

Question 216

Does one with ideomotor apraxia have issues with demonstrating action based on one’s own body?

Answer 216

no, generally not - it’s more to do with issues visualizing using objects and those actions, rather than the body’s movement itself

Question 217

If one has ideomotor apraxia and an object is placed in front of her, would she be likely to show us how to use it?

Answer 217

No. Although she likely understands what it is, she may not be able to demonstrate how it’s done

e.g., would understand a key in front of her is used to unlock a door, but may not be able to demonstrate it

Question 218

_ agnosia is damage closer to the lobe itself, therefore patients tend to have more issues recognizing objects and using it

Answer 218

apperceptive agnosia (vs. associative agnosia, which is more damage to the pathway than the lobe itself)

Question 219

_ is a result of cortical damage to visual areas and results in a dissociated visual recognition and vision for action; a.k.a. cortical blindness

e.g., able to successfully walk around objects in a hallway, despite being blind

Answer 219

blindsight

Question 220

Unlike object recognition concerns, propoganosia requires more _-category differentiation (i.e., noticing individual differences, not what they are in general)

Answer 220

within-category differentiation (not between, since the latter would distinguish faces from other things)

Question 221

Tanaka & Farah (1993) discovered it is a lot easier to recognize parts of a face/house than parts of faces/hours

Answer 221

house;
faces

Question 222

In Tanaka & Farah’s 1993 experiments, they found that when features of faces are changed/constant but the relationship of the configuration of the images differs/remains the same. then face processing is affected.

i.e., two eyes moved out of where they would normally be on a face would make it much more difficult to recognize celebrities’ faces than if only one eye moved vs no movement at all

Answer 222

face features are constant but configuration differs, then face processing is affected

Question 223

The face _ effect suggests that we are faster and more accurate recognizing upright faces compared to inverted faces, probably because the former occurs more in nature

Answer 223

the face inversion effect

Question 224

Diamond and Carey (1986) experiment using _s suggests that face processing seems special only because we are experts at identifying them (general expertise), rather than it being domain specific

Answer 224

dogs

Question 225

The domain-general vs. -specific distinction is debated still. T or F?

Answer 225

true

Domain-general theories would propose that acquisition of language and mathematical skill are developed by the same broad set of cognitive skills, domain-specific theories would propose that they are genetically, neurologically and computationally independent.

Question 226

Robbins and McKone (2007) replicated and extended Diamond and Carey’s 1986 study, but failed to replicate their expertise findings (i.e., that face processing is/isn’t special)

Answer 226

Robbins and McKone found that face processing is special, which is opposite to Diamond and Carey’s study which suggested that face processing isn’t special and is indicative of a general expertise)

Question 227

Recently, Campbell and Tanaka (2018) demonstrated equivalent _ effects for faces and budgies among budgie experts, suggesting face processing is a general expertise, not a special one

Answer 227

inversion

viewed from upside-down

Question 228

Sensation takes place in the _

a. brain
b. spinal cord
c. sensory organs
d. eye

Answer 228

c. sensory organs

Question 229

What do illusions reveal about the assumptions that the brain makes during perception?

a. Perception often depends on guesses
b. these assumptions are usually incorrect
c. Perception is not as useful as sensation
d. Our brains cannot be tricked

Answer 229

a. Perception often depends on guesses

Question 230

A Necker cube is an example of a _

(cube with a green dot and a red dot on the corners)

a. 3D image
b. bi-stable image
c. stable image
d. dynamics image

Answer 230

b. bi-stable image

Question 231

Which of these is a property of perspective projection?

a. when an object is closer to you, the image on your retina decreases in size
b. when an object is closer to you, the image on your retina increases in size
c. images stay the same size on your retina no matter how close or far they are from you
d. the cornea bends the light while the pupil allows more or less light in

Answer 231

b. when an object is closer to you, the image on your retina increases in size

Question 232

According to Goodale and Milner, the dorsal/ventral visual streams are for ______ and ______.

a. near vision; far vision
b. action; perception
c. what; where
d. how; when

Answer 232

b. action; perception

Question 233

Feature-based recognition _ .

a. demonstrates that recognition is better from familiar views than from unfamiliar views
b. demonstrates that we use features that remain stable across viewpoints
c. is the best approach to recognition and is supposed by research data
d. is similar to template matching except that is even more inflexible

Answer 233

b. demonstrates that we use features that remain stable across viewpoints

Question 234

All of these are Gestalt principles except ______.

a. law of similarity
b. law of proximity
c. good continuation
d. law of occlusion

Answer 234

d. law of occlusion

Question 235

Prosopagnosia is a deficit characterized by the inability to ______.

a. recognize objects
b. perform a perceptual orientation matching
c. perceive depth
d. recognize faces

Answer 235

d. recognize faces

Question 236

Which part of the brain shows greater activity when people engage in a facial recognition task than when they perform other kinds of recognition tasks?​

a. fusiform face area (FFA)
b. lateral occipital cortex (LOC)
c. occipital lobe
d. frontal lobe

Answer 236

a. fusiform face area (FFA)

Question 237

Which of these is not considered a figure-ground cue?

a. convexity
b. symmetry
c. smaller region
d. good continuation

Answer 237

d. good continuation

Question 238

Visual processing involves:
1. input/sensation
2. …
3. meaning linked to visual input

Answer 238

basic visual components assembled

Question 239

Humans appear to have a viewer-centred bias based on:
1. object recognition is faster from familiar viewpoints
2. cortical neurons demonstrate _ _

Answer 239

viewpoint specificity

evidence from psychology and physiology does not support a viewpoint invariant approach to object identification (tough luck to Biederman’s Geon Theory)

Question 240

Gestalt law of _ suggests that those that are close together are together

Answer 240

proximity

Question 241

Gestalt law of _ suggests that those that have the same characteristics are together

Answer 241

similarity

Question 242

Gestalt law of _ suggests that those that are bound are together

Answer 242

common region

Question 243

Gestalt law of _ suggests that if things have been associated in prior viewings, they will be grouped together in the future

Answer 243

experience (role of)

Question 244

The goal of perception, according to those of the …theory, is to provide a perceiver with info about objects’ affordances

Answer 244

perception/action theory (sim to Gibson’s direct perception)

Question 245

Blindsight is a type of agnosia as a result from damage to the “what” pathway, i.e., the _ pathway

Answer 245

ventral

Question 246

A study by Diamond and Carey (1986) suggested dog experts identify dogs in the same way that the rest of us identify faces. If Robbins and McKone (2007) replicated and extended their study but failed to replicate their expertise findings, what does that suggest?

Answer 246

Diamond and Carey would argue that expertise is important, rather than faces themselves, whereas Robbins and McKone would argue that no, faces actually do seem to be special

Question 247

Campbell and Tanaka (2018) recently demonstrated equivalent inversion effects for faces and budgies among budgie experts. What does this mean?

Answer 247

if they were equivalent for faces and budgies upside-down, then perhaps budgie experts’ expertise is what distinguishes them, and that faces aren’t that special but we are socially obligated to become experts

Question 248

The 4 theories of attention involve these mechanisms (of representing attention as):
1. filter - theory of selective attention
2. spotlight - theory of vigilance
3. mental resource - _ _
4. feature binder - visual search

Answer 248

divided attention