Ch. 6

Question 1

_ is the process of using info that was obtained in the past to generate some cognitive function in the present

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

Memory requires three fundamental components:
encoding
_
retrieval

Answer 2

storage

Question 3

Encoding refers to the initial processing of info so that it is represented in the n_ s_

Answer 3

nervous system

Question 4

If something is not encoded in the nervous system, then it can/not be remembered

Answer 4

cannot

Question 5

Encoding can be in the form of short-term transduction of a physical stimulus into a neural code or a _ _ in the brain that encodes a fact or event about the world

Answer 5

structural change

Question 6

Storage is the retention of _ info

Answer 6

encoded

Question 7

_ refers to the brain’s ability to access stored info for some cognitive purpose. It depends on links in the chain of memory to function, otherwise items cannot be remembered

Answer 7

retrieval

Question 8

Both human and _ memory require the same basic elements to function

Answer 8

computer

Question 9

Putting info into long-term memory stores is _

Answer 9

encoding

Question 10

Maintaining info in memory is _

Answer 10

storage

Question 11

Re-activating and using previously learned info is called _

Answer 11

retrieval

Question 12

To study memory, there are two dimensions that can be measured:
capacity
_

Answer 12

duration

Question 13

How much info a memory system can hold is a dimension of memory called _

Answer 13

capacity

Question 14

T or F: a limit has been observed in terms of the amount of more general info you can retain in long-term memory

Answer 14

false

the long-term memory is one helluva thing

Question 15

We can measure how long info remains in memory, a property called _

Answer 15

duration

Question 16

Imagine that you’re running a memory study and want to see how your participants’ memory capacity varies when they are in different moods. After inducing participants to feel different moods (happy, sad, or excited), you show them a series of words to recall later. Which of the following would be an appropriate measure of their memory capacity?

a. how happy, sad, or excited the participants feel on a 1-10 scale

b. the amount of time it took for participants to recite the shown words

c. the amount of time it took for participants to utter the first recalled word

d. a count of how many of the shown words they can recite

Answer 16

d. a count of how many of the shown words they can recite

Question 17

_ articulated that two kinds of memory stores exist:
info relating to a current task or environment
longer-term storage

Answer 17

William James

Question 18

Atkinson and Shriffrin’s 1968 study established the first substantial theoretical model of memory that attempted to account for experimental data: m_ m_of memory

Answer 18

multi modal model of memory (or multi-store)

Question 19

In the multi store/modal model of memory, there are proposed 3 kinds with each its own capacity and _

Answer 19

duration

Question 20

The modal model was created in a new era of _ science, likening our processing of info to encoding and storing info into a _ [same word]

Answer 20

computer

Question 21

In the multi modal model, there is:
sensory input
sensory memory
short-term memory
…

Answer 21

long-term memory

Question 22

In the multi modal model, there is:
sensory input
sensory memory (_ info is lost)
short-term memory
long-term memory

Answer 22

unattended

Question 23

In the multi modal model, there is:
sensory input
sensory memory
short-term memory (requires attention and maintenance , otherwise un [form of 1st word] info is lost)
long-term memory

Answer 23

rehearsal; unrehearsed

Question 24

In the multi modal model, there is:
sensory input
sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory (requires encoding; some info may be lost over time, and refers to … for retrieval)

Answer 24

short-term memory

Question 25

Sensory memory has an approx duration of …

Answer 25

1 second

Question 26

T or F: According to the modal model, most of the info in sensory memory is attended but it is lost quickly

Answer 26

false - most is unattended (we can’t attend to everything happening around us), so it is lost quickly

if most sensory memory was attended, we’d be a helluva lot smarter, and wouldn’t be prone to errors during eyewitness testimony, etc.

Question 27

T or F: According to the multi modal model, Once info is encoded in short-term memory it can be retained for 15 - 30 seconds or even longer if it is _

Answer 27

rehearsed

Question 28

_ memory is capable of producing a behavioural output, such as repeating a phone number someone has just told you or responding to a recall task

Answer 28

short-term memory

sensory memory does NOT have a behavioural output - it’s too busy dealing with everything that is being processed

Question 29

Maintenance _ is the mental repetition of info in STM, which prolongs its duration

Answer 29

rehearsal

Question 30

There is no agreed-upon method for measuring the capacity of …memory because only a fraction of …memory [different form] is encoded as … [1st word]

Answer 30

LTM;
STM;
LTM

Question 31

It requires _ attention to process the meaning of words someone speaks to then possibly retain in STM

Answer 31

selective (like a filter)

Question 32

What does the information processing, or modal, model explain?

a. where info is stored in the brain
b. how incoming input from the environment is conceptually stored in the mind
c. where different types of sensory, STM and LTM are stored separately in the brain

Answer 32

b. how incoming input from the environment is conceptually stored in the mind

Question 33

Whatever you are thinking about right now is occupying your ______ memory.

a. sensory
b. STM
c. LTM
d. none of the above

Answer 33

b. STM

New information in our immediate awareness has not yet been encoded for permanent storage but we may be retrieving information from long-term memory to be thinking about right now.

Question 34

What is the process that moves information from sensory memory into short-term memory?

a. attention

b. encoding

c. retrieval

Answer 34

a. attention

Question 35

The initial transduction of sensory information, it is retained within our nervous system for a brief period, around _milliseconds

Answer 35

250

Question 36

Sensory memory may actually be directly observed in action. For example, there is a phenomenon called the _ of _, in which you can directly see information that entered your eye moments ago

Answer 36

persistence of vision

Question 37

Persistence of vision occurs because the _ of the object in one location is still present in our visual system after the object has moved to a different location

Answer 37

trace

e.g., you can see the ‘trace’ of a circle, etc. when you use a sparkler because our sensory memory captures those traces and in the dark it takes longer for them to dissipate because of the stark contrast

Question 38

The thaumatrop was a popular source of entertainment in the 19th century consisting of a disk with different drawings on each side and when spun quickly would lead to the illusion of seeing both images at the same time. This is an example of the _ of _ phenomenon

Answer 38

persistence of vision

Question 39

When LED lights are moved quickly through space, why does this produce a “spread out” pattern?

a. the high speed of the lights creates energy in the surrounding areas

b. the persistence of vision retains multiple positions of lights as they move through space

c. the LEDs are moving at a speed too fast for your brain to process and therefore partial info is lost

d. your LTM stores past info while your sensory memory is still processing it

Answer 39

b. the persistence of vision retains multiple positions of lights as they move through space

sensory memory’s refresh rate can create this illusion

Question 40

Sperling (1960) provided subjects with up to 12 pieces of information (e.g., letters) and asked them to recall all that they saw. Subjects were typically able to recall nearly _% of the information

Answer 40

40%

Question 41

Sperling (1960) conducted a series of well-known experiments in which participants were presented stimuli consisting of three rows of letters. In the whole-report condition, participants were presented with a grid of letters for a duration of between 15 and 500 milliseconds and were asked to report as many of the letters from the grid as they could. What Sperling found was that participants typically reported the letters from one of the rows, suggesting that the row that was available to report was based on…

Answer 41

which one they were paying attention to / attending

Question 42

The ability to report the letters in Sperling’s rows of letters experiment, a behavioural output, depends on those items making their way into … using attention

Answer 42

into STM

Question 43

Sperling referred to a high-capacity/short-duration form of visual memory as _ memory

Answer 43

iconic memory

based on the fact that the memory is something like a photographic image or icon; if you have photographic memory, it is likely to be of high capacity (high yield, etc.), but may not necessarily last very long

Question 44

Other experiments using sound to remember, rather than Sperling’s letter grids, suggest that there is also an auditory form of sensory memory, called _ memory

Answer 44

echoic

“Hello……hello….helllo…!”

Question 45

T or F: there are only two types of sensory memory

Answer 45

false - there may be more, but they are difficult to research experimentally

there may be tactile memory, even taste, but it’s hard to capture sensory vs short-term. But you can certainly remember tastes, textures, etc.

Question 46

What is the duration of iconic memory?

a. 30 seconds
b. 1 second
c. 1 minute
d. 5 - 6 seconds

Answer 46

b. 1 second

Sperling’s partial report method illustrated that subject performance quickly decayed if there was a delay between stimulus exposure and the cue-tone

it is still a form of sensory memory, so it’s likely just as long - 1 second

Question 47

According to the modal model of memory, …’s function is to hold information in place until it can be used for some behavioral task (such as entering the name of a website you just heard about), transferring information into LTM, or maintaining the information through rehearsal.

Answer 47

STM

Question 48

In the auditory domain (e.g., remembering a list of numbers or names), it is generally agreed that STM can hold an average of _ items. In the visual domain it is agreed (not as unanimously) that it can hold around _ items. This suggests that the auditory domain is more stable than the visual domain.

Answer 48

seven;
four

auditory info seems to be more stable than visual

Question 49

Miller calls the capacity limit to remember items as “The magical number _ plus or minus _”

Answer 49

seven;
two

Question 50

Research has found that a person’s capacity to remember quantities of info remains stable across multiple tests, and even over many years, and thus appears to be a fixed feature of a person’s brain. Those who can remember a lot are considered -, and those who cannot are considered of -

Answer 50

high-capacity (up to 9)
low-capacity (down to 5)

Question 51

We can remember in STM meaningful information by way of _, whether letters, numbers or sounds that constitute a meaningful whole

Answer 51

chunks

Question 52

The capacity to chunk info into larger units depends on engaging _TM

Answer 52

LTM, where patterns of previously encountered items are stored

that’s why chess players have better memory when presented with items on a chessboard; they can utilize their LTM to remember where items are, as opposed to novices who may not be familiar with particular plays, etc.

Question 53

T or F: According to Miller, once a combo of items is matched to memory, it needs to be represented as separate items

Answer 53

false

if it’s already matched in chunks, why repeat work? it’s already applied and encoded

Question 54

A capacity limit has been found for _ STM (_STM)

Answer 54

visual STM (VSTM)

we can only remember so many details from someone walking down the street; it is only the attended ones that are remembered, of which there are still less that are usually remembered (3 to 5)

Question 55

VSTM (visual short-term memory) is typically measured using a _-detection task

Answer 55

change

Question 56

In Luck and Vogel’s 1997 study, they had participants presented with a screen with several objects, such as colored squares. This screen disappears and a new one is shown, which may be identical to the original or have some property changed. When the number of items in the set is less than 4, performance is nearly perfect but after four items, it begins to decline rapidly with the number of items in the set. Using this kind of task, researchers have concluded that _ has a capacity of three to five items

Answer 56

VSTM

Question 57

Luck and Vogel (1997) established the visual short term memory (VSTM) as having a capacity of _ to _ items

Answer 57

3 to 5

Question 58

Luck and Vogel (1997) used a paradigm reminiscent of _ _ in order to test visual memory. Once the number of objects increased to greater than five, memory performance rapidly dropped off

Answer 58

change blindness

Question 59

In the case of visual stimuli, people can remember _ visual objects, even if each object has multiple features, such as a shape, a colour, and an orientation. In this case, remembering four objects would consist of remembering 12 features (Wheeler & Treisman, 2002)

Answer 59

4 visual objects;
12 features (3 features per object - 3 x 4 = 12)

Question 60

Inoue and Matsuzawa (2007) provided chimpanzees and human participants with five digits that appeared on a screen from 210 milliseconds up to 650 milliseconds. After that wait period, the digits disappeared and were replaced by blank squares. The subject (whether human or chimp) was tasked with… to reveal the digits in numerical order.

Answer 60

touching the squares

Question 61

Inoue and Matsuzawa (2007) provided chimpanzees and human participants with five digits that appeared on a screen from 210 milliseconds up to 650 milliseconds. After that wait period, the digits disappeared and were replaced by blank squares. The subject (whether human or chimp) was tasked with touching the squares to reveal the digits in numerical order. On average, most humans’ memory performance for the five digits decreased when the presentation time dipped below 400 milliseconds. However, some chimpanzees were …

Answer 61

able to retain them, and in half the time!

Question 62

On how many trials was Ayumu the Chimp able to correctly remember the order of the numbers?

a. nearly 10% of the trials
b. a third of the time
c. nearly 90% of the trials
d. all of the trials

Answer 62

c. nearly 90% of the trials

Question 63

Professional _ists are capable of forming long chunks of data into memory, rather than having an enhanced memory capacity

Answer 63

mnemonists

mnemonnics - using new names , stories, etc. as reminder of data to be remembered)

Question 64

Competitors in the World Memory, Mental Calculation and Speed Reading Organization are said to have great …, rather than enhanced memory capacity

Answer 64

memory tricks, such as mnemonics

Question 65

Chase and Simon (1973) examined the effect of expertise in the _ domain, comparing chess experts’ and novices’ ability to memorize configs of chess pieces on a chess board

Answer 65

visual

Question 66

Chase and Simon (1973) examined the effect of expertise in the visual domain, comparing chess experts’ and novices’ ability to memorize configs of chess pieces on a chess board. They found that chess experts were able to remember the positions of around _ pieces while the novices could only remember four. These results were four times higher than the established amount for standard VSTM (i.e., 4)!

Answer 66

16

four times the standard VSTM!

Question 67

The effect of _ was only found to apply in Chase and Simon’s 1973 study when the chess pieces consisted of real configs that could occur in a chess game

Answer 67

expertise

Question 68

When Chase and Simon’s (1973) study involved randomly placed pieces in a config that would never occur, chess specialists performed … to novices at recall

Answer 68

similar to novices

Question 69

Chase and Simon (1973) demonstrated which of the following facilitates the storage of information?

a. practice
b. having a higher IQ
c. attaching meaning to the info
d. thinking about the info for a longer amount of time

Answer 69

c. attaching meaning to the info

this meaning would be remembered likely as chunks
Experts and novices do not differ on overall intelligence but how they use their prior knowledge.

Question 70

Without any distractions, people are able to engage in _ _, the repetition of information in STM which essentially reactivates the initial encoding

Answer 70

maintenance rehearsal

Question 71

Information can theoretically persist in STM for as long as you can keep _

Answer 71

rehearsing

this is dependent on not having anything else to spend time on, but there are typically some things happening in the environment that would affect STM, let alone thoughts or emotions….etc

Question 72

The Brown-Peterson task consisted of an STM task in which participants were told, on each experimental trial, to memorize 3 letters, after which were presented with a 2-digit number and had to begin …

Answer 72

counting backward by threes out loud.

Question 73

The Brown-Peterson task consisted of an STM task in which participants were told, on each experimental trial, to memorize 3 letters, after which were presented with a 2-digit number and had to begin counting backward by threes out loud, a task that was intended to prevent _ of the trigram. After a certain duration of counting backward, participants had to report their memory of the trigram.

Answer 73

rehearsal

Question 74

Peterson and Peterson (1959) found that when articulatory rehearsal was suppressed, the memory of the trigram (3 letters in the Brown-Peterson task) would fade, and by _ to _ seconds, participants showed little to no memory of the original trigram

Answer 74

15 - 18 seconds

Question 75

Peterson and Peterson (1959) argued that the duration of STM, in the absence of _, is about 15 seconds

Answer 75

rehearsal

Question 76

Peterson and Peterson (1959) could map the trajectory of STM in the Brown-Peterson task by measuring correct recall (%) on the _-axis, and recall interval (seconds) on the _-axis

Answer 76

y-axis;
x-axis

Peterson and Peterson (1959) found that as the time interval increased, participants were less successful at recalling even small amounts of information.

Question 77

According to _ models, forgetting occurs simply because of the passage of time

Answer 77

decaying

memory is thought of like a leaky bucket in which info trickles out

Question 78

One of the possible causes of forgetting is _, in which new info that comes into memory serves to displace older info

Answer 78

interference

Question 79

_ interference refers to cases in which learned info causes you to forget something that you learn in the future

Answer 79

proactive

refers to the item in the future that is forgotten

Question 80

_ interference refers to cases in which newer info causes you to get something from the past

Answer 80

retroactive

Question 81

if you were to study for biology after reading this book and found that your memory for the biology was inhibited by the stored information from this book, you would encounter _ interference (sorry!).

Answer 81

proactive

Question 82

If studying for biology later on causes you to forget what you read here, you would experience _ interference

Answer 82

retroactive

refers to the item in the past that is forgotten

Question 83

Peterson and Peterson’s (1959) experiment showing fading memory of people doing a visual task with rehearsal suppression due to _, not interference, based on the fact that participants were not asked to remember anything else besides the letters on each trial

Answer 83

decay

Question 84

Although it is said to be due to decay, the reason for forgetting in the Brown-Peterson task may be due to interference from _TM to the _TM; specifically, as participants performed multiple trials over the course of the experiment, it is possible that some of the letters from previous trials could interfere (proactively) with the current trial

Answer 84

LTM to STM

if it happened quite a few min ago, then it would be LTM, not STM or a different type of memory

Question 85

Keppel and Underwood (1962) redid the Brown-Peterson task and found that in the first few trials, participants remembered the trigram for up to 15 seconds with relatively high accuracy. Only on later trials, after participants had seen many previous trigrams…

Answer 85

did decay over time begin to appear, with items remembered at a reduced accuracy

Question 86

Lewandowsky et al. (2004) used the _ _ technique to prevent rehearsal without causing interference in STM with a new item to remember

Answer 86

articulatory suppression

Question 87

Lewandowsky et al. (2004) had participants report remembered sequences of letters by responding on a computer keyboard. They had participants type the sequence at varying speeds, so they could measure the effect of time on recall.

Overall, they found that there was A/NO effect of the speed at which participants had to repeat the letters on their recall of the items. They concluded that the passage of time alone, without interference, does not cause decay in STM

Answer 87

NO

Question 88

Based on the evidence discussed in the two studies above, which of these is the most supported explanation for why forgetting occurs in short-term memory?

a. interference
b. decay
c. a combo of interference and decay
d. neither decay nor interference

Answer 88

c. a combo of interference and decay

Question 89

Stewart is a senior in high school and has had to change his school email account each year. As he is entering his new password, he keeps getting an error message because the password is wrong. It turns out that he keeps entering his freshman year password. His inability to remember his newest password in this example is due to ______.

a. proactive interference
b. retroactive interference
c. a combo of retroactive and proactive interference
d. none of the above (it depends on whether the new password has been rehearsed)

Answer 89

a. proactive interference

Older information (“Material A”) is interfering with newer information (“Material B”). Interference focuses on the information that is being disrupted

Question 90

Would the sensory memory (not short-term memory) of chess experts be better than that of non-experts for chess piece configurations, and why?

a. no, bc they can only chunk info that is processed in STM, not sensory memory

b. no, bc they can only rehearse info in STM, not sensory memory

c. yes, bc they can chunk info by sending it to LTM

d. yes, bc they can rehearse info in sensory memory

Answer 90

a. no, bc they can only chunk info that is processed in STM, not sensory memory

Trick question!

Question 91

An updated elaboration of STM was proposed by _’s (1974) working memory (WM) model

Answer 91

Baddeley’s

Question 92

The WM model proposed that STM is not a single unitary store but consists of _ [number] connected but distinct sub-units

Answer 92

three

Question 93

The visual component of WM is the - _

Answer 93

visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 94

The visuo-spatial sketchpad can be used to analyze and manipulate visual info such as mentally rotating a remembered object. This is/not similar to the original conception of VSTM

Answer 94

is not

visual STM is based on the item a it appears, not any rotation, etc. of it

Question 95

The 3 components of WM are:
visuo-spatial sketchpad
phonological loop
_ _

Answer 95

central executive

Question 96

THe _ _ is the auditory component of WM. It allows auditory info to be repeated so that it may be used or analyzed.

Answer 96

phonological loop

Question 97

THe phonological loop is the auditory component of WM. It allows auditory info to be repeated so that it may be used or analyzed. It is/not similar to the original conception of STM

Answer 97

IT IS SIMILAR

Question 98

A component that is completely novel to the WM model is _ _: a gatekeeper that determines what info makes it into working memory.

Answer 98

central executive

Question 99

The_ _ toggles between the visual and auditory memory stores, as a component of the Baddeley’s WM, therefore it is placed in the middle of the diagram, coordinating with visual and auditory info by way of the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the phonological loop

Answer 99

central executive

Question 100

Replaying verbal information in your mind is considered to be distinct from visually imagining, or _, information

Answer 100

storing

Question 101

The properties of working memory are stored in terms of its distinct sensory codes (i.e., …)

Answer 101

auditory working memory is remembered in terms of how it was remembered auditorially (e.g., pitch, tone, etc.)

Question 102

The critical aspect of WM is that it requires _ observation

Answer 102

introspective; what you remember has properties pertaining to the sense used: listening you remember pitch, intonation, etc.

Question 103

Brooks (1968) illustrated how subjects completed memory tasks primarily taxing either the phonological loop or visuo-spatial sketchpad and then used either an auditory or visual mode to respond. He found that people did better on the task when they had to respond in a _ modality than in the one initially used

Answer 103

different!

Question 104

Brooks (1968) illustrated how subjects completed memory tasks primarily taxing either the phonological loop or visuo-spatial sketchpad and then used either an auditory or visual mode to respond. He found that people did better on the task when they had to respond in a different modality than what they had to remember. These results suggest that visual and auditory memory are processed _, and they do/not interfere with one another

Answer 104

SEPARATELY;
DO NOT INTERFERE

remember, this is what this particular study had shown, rather than what later research has since found

Question 105

Conrad (1974) found that participants confused letters that ______ to each other when performing a free recall task.

a. sound similar
b. look similar
c. sound different
d. look different

Answer 105

a. sound similar

This is an error due to auditory info

free recall is an AUDITORY task, so it would make sense that it would be auditory info used, and when they sound similar they would do worse

note that if they were using a different sense, then it would be visual, which should show more effective recall, particularly when they look different

Question 106

Vogel et al. (2005) compared the ability of individuals with high and low short-term memory capacity to be able to select relevant items for memory and filter out irrelevant distractors. The cue’s direction indicated which side of the display (left or right) participants had to remember, then they were presented with a memory display, consisting of several coloured triangles, either 2 blue triangles (of blue and red) or 4 blue triangles. They were asked to see if a later test display looked similar to the initial image. They also had to use an EEG to measure event-related potential response known to be active during STM activation.

What did the test show (re: EEG)?

Answer 106

a stronger ERP response was shown for FOUR blue rectangles represented than two blue rectangles represented

(this effect would be across individuals - between-subjects, regardless of memory capacity group)

Question 107

Vogel et al. (2005) compared the ability of individuals with high and low short-term memory capacity to be able to select relevant items for memory and filter out irrelevant distractors. The cue’s direction indicated which side of the display (left or right) participants had to remember, then they were presented with a memory display, consisting of several coloured triangles, either 2 blue triangles (of blue and red) or 4 blue triangles (8 total). They were asked to see if a later test display looked similar to the initial image. They also had to use an EEG to measure event-related potential response known to be active during STM activation.

What did researchers find (re: EEG) when the participants were asked to ignore the red triangles and only pay attention to 2 blue triangles (4 total)?

Answer 107

low-STM individuals used much higher ERP response since they forgot that they should be looking for 2, not 4, than high-STM individuals who had a low ERP (remembered the new instructions; filtered out the distracters)

Question 108

Vogel et al. (2005) compared the ability of individuals with high and low short-term memory capacity to be able to select relevant items for memory and filter out irrelevant distractors. The cue’s direction indicated which side of the display (left or right) participants had to remember, then they were presented with a memory display, consisting of several coloured triangles, either 2 blue triangles (of blue and red) or 4 blue triangles (8 total). They were asked to see if a later test display looked similar to the initial image. They also had to use an EEG to measure event-related potential response known to be active during STM activation.

What did they determine would be the cause of low ERP response in high-STM individuals for the task asking to only pay attention to 2 blue (when presented with 4 triangles total)?

Answer 108

any distractions would be due to an issue with the central executive; high-STM individuals would have filtered that through. Likely an issue with central executive, perhaps not memory decline but an inability to work at such a high capacity

Question 109

Vogel, McCollough, and Machizawa (2005) demonstrated that individuals with high short-term memory capacity ______.

a. are better at paying attention to irrelevant info but experience a trade-off in executive processing

b. can better track multiple moving objects and therefore have a higher performing memory

c. are negatively correlated with central executive processing abilities

d. are better at focusing on relevant info and filtering irrelevant info

Answer 109

d. are better at focusing on relevant info and filtering irrelevant info

Higher STM memory capacity helped improve subjects’ performance

Question 110

Which of the following is one job of the central executive, according to the working memory model?

a. attach meaning to incoming info

b. activate relevant associations for new info to make it easier to remember

c. replay verbal info in your mind to help you remember that auditory info

d. coordinate between the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop

Answer 110

d. coordinate between the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop

It is the central store, working as the “boss”

answer “a. attach meaning to incoming info” is tricky bc although the central executive is filtering for relevant info, it isn’t attaching meaning; it’s filtering for relevant meaning, but not making any assumptions about it. Trick question!

Question 111

Baddeley’s WM received criticism for not incorporating memory when it forms a compelling and …, a phenomenon related to Miller’s chunking.

Answer 111

coherent story; this explains why the memory palace is such an effective mechanism for memory

Question 112

Baddeley’s WM received criticism for not incorporating memory when _ experience appears to bind together different modalities

Answer 112

conscious

remember a person speaking with a given voice (although it depends on introspection)

Question 113

Baddeley’s WM received criticism for not incorporating memory when conscious experience [and some introspection] appears to bind together different modalities. This is considered a “_ problem”

Answer 113

binding problem

Question 114

Based on criticism of Baddeley’s initial WM model, he updated it with a new component called the _ _.

Answer 114

episodic buffer

Question 115

Based on criticism of Baddeley’s initial WM model, he updated it with a new component called the episodic buffer: a separate, time-limited, memory store that can combine info from across different sources, including the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and _

Answer 115

long-term memory

Question 116

Baddeley’s episodic buffer is controlled by the central executive and is assumed to lead to conscious awareness of _-based, multi-sensory memories

Answer 116

time

Question 117

Conway (2003) reviewed _ _ (g) and determined a strong correlation with working memory capacity

Answer 117

general intelligence

Question 118

Li and Geary (2017) suggested a relationship between children with greater memory spans and an ability to increase other areas of _ due to developmental factors

Answer 118

cognition

1st graders’ visual WM shown to be predictive of their math abilities in the 5th grade

Question 119

Li and Geary (2017) suggested a relationship between children with greater memory spans and an ability to increase other areas of cognition due to developmental factors. They had shown that 1st graders’ skills in _ working memory were predictive of their 5th grade math skills

Answer 119

visual

Question 120

Kali (2007) had shown that memory span in young children has been found to predict _ ability in adolescents

Answer 120

reasoning

Question 121

What improvements do working memory training games offer?

a. they offer overall brain health because working memory is so integral to every facet of cognition

b. the training games facilitate neuroplasticity and are empirically proven to be effective

c. they have very specific and possibly limited effects but do not appear harmful in any way

d. they prevent Alzheimer’s degeneration and cognitive decline

Answer 121

c. they have very specific and possibly limited effects but do not appear harmful in any way

they may or MAY NOT provide any benefit whatsoever

Question 122

According to the working memory model, differences in short-term memory capacity are most likely attributable to which component?

a. the phonological loop
b. the visuo-spatial sketchpad
c. the central executive
d. the episodic buffer

Answer 122

c. the central executive

Question 123

In many cases, _ depends on processing sequences of data over time, rather than a single input that assumes a useful output (i.e., seeing a picture of a cat assumes what a cat looks like, although generally it would take _ [same word] to determine this)

Answer 123

cognition

Question 124

Comparing sequences enables the brain and computers to determine a useful output (i.e., several sequences of cat pictures show what the cat generally looks like, and helps affirm its status as a cat). This knowledge is most often used in language /

Answer 124

translation/analysis

Question 125

Comparing sequences enables the brain and computers to determine a useful output (i.e., several sequences of cat pictures show what the cat generally looks like, and helps affirm its status as a cat). These neural networks are considered _ (RNNs)

Answer 125

recurrent

Question 126

Recurrent neural networks contain nodes that loop their output back into _ as inputs, allowing them to process past and current inputs simultaneously.

Answer 126

themselves (self-referencing)

It’s as if they’re “studying cognition”

Question 127

Recurrent neural networks are related to human STM because it depends on the continuous “activation” of _ after it no longer is present as an output

Answer 127

input

Question 128

T or F: what matters is the timing in which input is fed into the STM system, rather than its order

Answer 128

FALSE! it’s the opposite: what matters is the ORDER in which input is fed into the STM system, rather than its order

Question 129

Information remains in sensory memory for ______.

a. a second or a fraction of a second

b. 15 - 30 second

c. 1 - 3 minutes

d. as long as it is rehearsed

Answer 129

a. a second or a fraction of a second

Question 130

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because ______.

a. the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler

b. due to its super high intensity, we see the light from the sparkler for about a second after it goes out

c. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about 1/25th of a second

d. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds

Answer 130

c. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about 1/25th of a second

Question 131

Compared to sensory memory, short-term memory has ______.

a. low capacity; long duration
b. high capacity; short duration
c. high capacity; long duration
d. low capacity; short duration

Answer 131

a. low capacity; long duration

15 - 30 seconds

it’s higher in duration than sensory memory, but much lower in capacity than sensory information

Question 132

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice (beginner) were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that ______.

a. chess masters outperform novices in all conditions
b. chess masters have developed better memory skills than novices
c. novices do better because they are not distracted by irrelevant knowledge about previous chess games
d. chess masters did better only when possible real game arrangements were used

Answer 132

d. chess masters did better only when possible real game arrangements were used

Question 133

Learning new material for the upcoming exam that makes it harder to remember material from the last exam is an example of ______.

a. mesoactive interference
b. proactive interference
c. retroactive interference
d. interactive interference

Answer 133

c. retroactive interference

Question 134

Sarah is studying for her chemistry test. She decides to create mnemonic devices to better facilitate her ______ of the material.

a. encoding
b. attention
c. interference
d. retrieval

Answer 134

a. encoding

she’s actively trying to learn (not going back to it yet), so I would say it’s encoding.

If she was referring to mnemonic devices previously learned/encoded, then I’d say it’s retrieval. Trick question!

Question 135

Which of the following cognitive functions use the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval? (multiple answers allowed)

a. motion perception
b. learning names
c. applying previously learned math formulas on a test
d. remembering a friend’s phone number

Answer 135

all of them!

Question 136

Order the following stores of memory in order of the duration they store information (longest to shortest).

short-term memory
sensory memory
long-term memory

Answer 136

long-term memory
short-term memory
sensory memory

Question 137

Joe and Margo are headed to the grocery store but need to write their grocery list first. Margo is reading off items to Joe to write down. As she is rattling off items, Joe exclaims, “Slow down! I can’t keep all of these items in my mind long enough to get them written. I keep forgetting items.” Margo has listed too many items and has exceeded his ______ for number of items he can store into his short-term memory.

a. duration
b. capacity
c. ability
d. durability

Answer 137

b. capacity

Question 138

Why were phone numbers originally designed to have seven digits?

a. even numbers seemed too weird to the average telephone user
b. it needed to be long enough to give everyone unique numbers
c. it is the average capacity of our short-term memory
d. longer than seven digits caused attentional capacities to decrease, hindering memory

Answer 138

c. it is the average capacity of our short-term memory

Question 139

Chase and Simon (1973) tested short-term memory capacity between novice and expert chess players. What was the significance of their findings?

a. they found that experts are experts bc they have better memory for most things
b. expert chess players were more likely to remember only meaningful chunks of info that related to the game
c. novice players excelled at remembering random arrangements of chess pieces bc they had no interference from past games
d. novice players excelled at remembering organized chunks of info bc they have no proactive interference from previous games

Answer 139

b. expert chess players were more likely to remember only meaningful chunks of info that related to the game

Question 140

Dustin has started dating Jolene and discovers that he is so infatuated with her that he struggles to even remember his old girlfriends’ names. His inability to remember the older names is an example of ______.

a. retroactive interference
b. proactive interference
c. memory recall
d. recall blockade

Answer 140

a. retroactive interference

Question 141

Which part of Baddeley’s working memory model is posited to control the flow of information?

a. phonological loop
b. visuo-spatial sketchpad
c. central executive
d. none of the above

Answer 141

c. central executive

Question 142

Which of the following might you expect from someone with a higher memory span?

a. they will most likely be happier since memory span is associated with IQ and IQ with happiness
b. they will be better at procedural tasks, such as driving
c. if working in a chaotic environment, they may be better able to focus on the task at hand and ignore external visual and auditory info compared to someone with lower memory span
d. they will be faster at typing a pre-written term paper compared to someone with lower memory span

Answer 142

c. if working in a chaotic environment, they may be better able to focus on the task at hand and ignore external visual and auditory info compared to someone with lower memory span

Question 143

Your grandmother is excited because she just signed up to take a “brain training” course through an online game developer. What would you tell her?

a. That’s great! I’ve heard these types of programs help slow cognitive decline and the skills will transfer to many daily tasks
b. I hope you didn’t pay a lot! Although WM is important, the skills you learn may not transfer to tasks in your daily life
c. That’s great! I think WM is very important to many tasks, so this will be very helpful
d. I hope you didn’t pay a lot! i heard there are many similar programs that offer great WM training for free

Answer 143

b. I hope you didn’t pay a lot! Although WM is important, the skills you learn may not transfer to tasks in your daily life

Question 144

Working memory capacity has been correlated with, and shown to predict, which of the following?

a. happiness
b. general intelligence
c. music ability
d. motor dexterity

Answer 144

b. general intelligence

Question 145

Baddeley’s WM model has a _ store and an articulatory rehearsal process (different from the maintenance rehearsal process for STM)

Answer 145

phonological

Question 146

The articulatory rehearsal process converts incoming _ information into a _ code

Answer 146

visual;
verbal

Question 147

The articulatory rehearsal process converts incoming _ information into a _ code

Answer 147

visual;
verbal

you are seeing something happen, and by articulating it, you convert it into a verbal code, making it easier to remember
(previous study suggested that changing from one code to another helps in STM)

Question 148

Articulatory rehearsal occurs during _, and its suppression impacts the same process

Answer 148

encoding

Question 149

We are _ at recognizing similar words since we are using a visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 149

worse!

Question 150

T of F: Baddeley’s central executive was based on extensive research and experiments

Answer 150

no, it was more or less an educated guess

Question 151

An important function for central executive is _ relevant and irrelevant information

Answer 151

regulating

what is valid? why should I care? if not important, why bother?

Question 152

Sensory memory does/not have a behavioural output

Answer 152

DOES NOT;

• it’s too busy dealing with everything that is being processed

Question 153

_ memory has a duration of up to 1 second

Answer 153

sensory

Question 154

Sensory memory has un/limited capacity

Answer 154

unlimited capacity

Question 155

Sensory memory has a long/short duration

Answer 155

short!

Question 156

Sensory memory has a long/short duration

Answer 156

short!

Question 157

_ memory has a duration of approx 15 - 30 seconds

Answer 157

short-term

Question 158

STM has un/limited capacity

Answer 158

limited - 7 +/- 2! (5 - 9)

Question 159

How is WM measured? operation _, or essentially how much you remember while doing something else

Answer 159

operation span

Question 160

How can working memory put things together to store memory?

a. incorporate the phonological loop for auditory data to store
b. incorporate the visuo-spatial sketchpad for visual data to store
c. store it in the central executive
d. incorporate an episodic buffer to store bound events

Answer 160

d. incorporate an episodic buffer to store bound events

like a and b, the episodic buffer has processing abilities, yet central executive is still the ‘processor’

Question 161

T or F: Is the episodic buffer a ‘processor’?

Answer 161

no, it is a storage area for items processed by the central executive

Question 162

Is LTM incorporated in Baddeley’s revised WM model (2000)?

Answer 162

no, but STM stores have access to info in LTM

Question 163

Episodic buffer is at the same level as the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad bc…

Answer 163

it doesn’t take any resources (attentional or otherwise), therefore it is passive, much like the p loop and the v-s sketchpad

Question 164

Is Baddeley’s model of WM the only one?

Answer 164

no

Question 165

All WM models assume there is storage and some type of _ control occurring

Answer 165

attentional

Question 166

Cowan’s WM model suggests that we do/not have a separate WM unit; it’s whatever we’re paying attention to in LTM

Answer 166

do not have a separate system;

remember the cloud of LTM with red star around memory ‘dots’ that are captured

Question 167

Cowan’s WM model, much like others (not including Baddeley’s models) are domain-_ and assume parallel activation

Answer 167

general

i.e., working memory is seen as an influence for a wide range of situations and tasks, not specific to certain items (e.g., math, the arts, etc.)