Ch. 8

Question 1

_ memory encompasses episodic memories of events we’ve experienced as well as semantic memories of basic facts about ourselves

Answer 1

autobiographical memory (AM)

Question 2

Autobiographical memory is studied using _ _ of events that have already passed outside of experimental control, including personal interviews

Answer 2

retrospective reporting

Question 3

The biggest limitation of retrospective report is…

Answer 3

it is often difficult to verify that what someone remembers is accurate

Question 4

Memory for events from your life is _ memory, and memory for general knowledge is _ memory

Answer 4

episodic;
semantic

Question 5

Autobiographical memory serves three functions:

• directive - guide current actions
• social - allow people with shared experiences to increase their social bonds
• _…

Answer 5

self-representation - determines what kind of behaviours and relationships you engage is in so you can maintain a stable identity in the future

Question 6

One study conducted by Baron and Bluck (2008) found that participants enjoyed autobiographical stories about romantic encounters most when… These stories served to confirm the function of social bonding from autobiographical memory

Answer 6

the stores were true

Question 7

Grace te al. (2016) found that people who reflect LESS/MORE on the past are less likely to share those memories with others, and are more likely to experience depression

Answer 7

MORE

Question 8

Individuals with HIGHER/LOWER rates of depression appear to experience salient physiological arousal when recalling negative past events; conversely, they are less affected by NEGATIVE/POSITIVE. This pattern can strongly impact our self-representation

Answer 8

higher; positive
OR
lower; negative

Question 9

Match the functions of memory to their definition:
DIRECTIVE/SELF-REPRESENTATIONS/SOCIAL

• guiding future directions
• increase social bonds
• internal reflections that aid identity cohesion

Answer 9

DIRECTIVE - guiding future directions
SELF-REPRESENTATIONS - increase social bonds
SOCIAL- internal reflections that aid identity cohesion

Question 10

Grace et al. (2016) found a correlation between self-representation and depression. What were their results?

a. Lower rates of internal reflection are correlated with higher rates of depression
b. Higher rates of internal reflection without expressing them are correlated to higher rates of depression
c. Discussing internal reflections often is associated with higher rates of depression
d. Higher rates of internal reflection are correlated with higher rates of depression

Answer 10

b. Higher rates of internal reflection without expressing them are correlated to higher rates of depression

expressing them is helpful, but when you don’t it is shown to be less so

Question 11

Individuals with Highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM) also known as _ report experiencing event-specific memories as if viewing the memories through a video recording (LePort et al., 2012; Parker, Cahill & McGaugh, 2006)

Answer 11

hyperthymesia

Question 12

T or F: highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)/hyperthymesia is associated with higher general cognitive and memory function

Answer 12

false

Question 13

Which type of memory do individuals with HSAM show increased performance for?

a. basic facts
b. episodes from their lives
c. lists of numbers and letters
d. motor behaviours

Answer 13

b. episodes from their lives

Question 14

According to the video on HSAM, how are individuals tested?

a. Potential HSAM individuals are given a task and need to solve it as quickly as possible
b. They use mnemonic devices to remember large amounts of info and are tested by how much they can remember
c. They are given dates and asked to identify public events that occurred on that day
d. They are tested based on their digit span

Answer 14

c. They are given dates and asked to identify public events that occurred on that day

Question 15

How long does our memory for autobiographical information last?

a. theoretically, a lifetime
b. five years
c. typically 20 years, but it is difficult to test past that point
d. anywhere from 10 to 15 years

Answer 15

a. theoretically, a lifetime

Yes! We store memories across our lifespan. Although we may not remember all events from our lifetime (as with HSAM), we still hold our memories across our lifespan and it is difficult to verify that we have completely forgotten information.

Question 16

Childhood amnesia (or ‘infantile amnesia’) is not having episodic memories…

Answer 16

from before age 2 - 4 years old

Question 17

Bauer and Larkina (2015) conducted a longitudinal study to track changes which occur across early childhood. They found that between children and adults there were more rapid increases in forgetting for … compared to older children

Answer 17

4 - 6 ages

Question 18

Bauer and Larkina (2015) conducted a longitudinal study to track changes which occur across early childhood. They found that between children and adults there were more rapid increases in forgetting for 4 and 6 year-olds (4 year-olds being the most likely to forget) compared to older children. Bauer and Larkina found that the difference in recall can be reduced if children are…

Answer 18

provided cues to aid their memory

Question 19

Childhood amnesia refers to _ memories, not other forms such as semantic or implicit memories (i.e., how to walk or crawl, likes or dislikes…)

Answer 19

episodic

Question 20

Children age 5.5 are NOT/ABLE to recall events from before the age of two

Answer 20

able, although at roughly 50%…and reducing to almost nothing by adulthood

Question 21

In childhood, the brain produces a lot of new neurons, called _

Answer 21

neurogenesis

Question 22

Neurogenesis happens in the _, where it is possible that this building of the brain causes memories to be overwritten, explaining infantile amnesia

Answer 22

hippocampus

Question 23

According to Video 8.3 above, which area of the brain is most likely to experience neurogenesis across your lifespan?

a. frontal lobes
b. occipital lobes
c. hippocampus
d. parietal lobes

Answer 23

c. hippocampus

Yes! The hippocampus is extremely plastic and changes because it has to constantly encode new information.

Question 24

Based on information discussed in Video 8.3, what is evidence that shows that children under four are learning? (Select all that apply.)

a. The brain is most plastic at this age and new neural connections are forming
b. Children can learn two languages easily at this stage
c. Pruning of connections occurs as the brain learns what is needed
d. There is less evidence that children learn at this stage and more converging evidence to support the idea that we experience amnesia because we learn so little

Answer 24

all of the above

Question 25

There is a correlation between a child's linguistic abilities and their ability to remember both verbal and nonverbal info, providing support for the hypothesis that _ _ has to do with young children's underdeveloped language abilities

Answer 25

infantile amnesia

Question 26

Because highly emotional events often tend to be what is remembered, the mismatch of memories for children and adult may lead to an inability to _ memories (West & Baer, 1999)

Answer 26

retrieve

Question 27

We generally cannot remember life events that occur before which age? a. 6 b. 4 c. 11 d. 8

Answer 27

b. 4

Question 28

What is the process of growing new neurons called? a. neural growth b. neurogenesis c. none of the above (it is not possible to grow new neurons) d. dendritic generation

Answer 28

b. neurogenesis Neurogenesis is the generation of new neurons after birth. Remember that "neuro" refers to neurons and "genesis" to "new."

Question 29

Remembering autobiographical memories is shown on a line graph as childhood anesia from 4 to 11, the _ bump occurs between age 15 - 25, whereas the period of recency is 47+

Answer 29

reminiscence

Question 30

Cognitive abilities are at theiri peak during the same approximate age as the _ _

Answer 30

reminiscence bump (15 - 25)

Question 31

T or F: a reminiscence bump occurs strictly from 15 - 25

Answer 31

false, does not seem to be based on biological age; rather, due to richer memories of times when one undergoes a lot of changes in their lives

Question 32

People remember _ _ words and pictures better than more neutral stimuli (Buchanan & Adolphs, 2012)

Answer 32

emotionally charged

Question 33

Emotionally-charged responses can lead to increased encoding by drawing a person's _ processing(Oschner, 2000)

Answer 33

attentional processing

Question 34

A phenomenon in which people often miss a repeated stimulus when it is presented quickly in a sequence is know as _ _

Answer 34

attentional blink this occurs when people are shown a series of stimuli (such as words or letters), one at a time in very rapid succession. If people are asked to detect two targets embedded within the sequence, they often miss the second one if it follows right after the first one

Question 35

Emotionally charged stimuli leads to greater/lesser attention and encoding

Answer 35

greater

Question 36

Once the info is encoded, emotional content is stores MORE/LESS effectively

Answer 36

more showing resistance to forgetting with the passage of time

Question 37

Encoding and storage of emotional content appear to involve the amygdala, a structure which is a nucleus embedded deep within the _ lobes

Answer 37

temporal

Question 38

What area of the brain is considered important specifically for processing and encoding emotional memories? a. cerebellum b. hippocampus c. cortex d. amygdala

Answer 38

d. amygdala

Question 39

Which group of individuals did not experience different perceptual processing of emotional words while completing an emotional attentional blink task? a. patients with right amygdala damage b. patients with left amygdala damage c. patients with frontal lobe damage d. healthy controls

Answer 39

b. patients with left amygdala damage

Question 40

_ memories, coined by Brown and Kulik (1977), were found to not decay over time

Answer 40

flashbulb

Question 41

Neisser and Harsch (1992) interviewed people the day after a disaster and then a few years after that. They found that people were highly confident in their memories, and unaware that their responses...

Answer 41

changed dramatically over time Note: the study did not report what happened when participants were told about these discrepancies

Question 42

Talarico and Rubin (2003) had shown people's accuracy in remembering the details of a flashbulb event and an everyday event as shown decline in accuracy over time, but the decline is much more pronounced in the EVERYDAY/FLASHBULB event

Answer 42

everyday

Question 43

Talarico and Rubin (2003) had shown people's accuracy in remembering the details of a flashbulb event and an everyday event as shown decline in accuracy over time, but the decline is much more pronounced in the everyday event. People's confidence in their memories remained almost unchanged for EVERYDAY/FLASHBULB events while they dropped precipitously for EVERYDAY/FLASHBULB events. These results suggest that flashbulbs memories really ARE/NOT more durable, but ARE/NOT quite as permanent as people think they are

Answer 43

flashbulb; everyday; are; are not

Question 44

Davidson et al. (2006) demonstrated that flashbulb memories are consistently recalled amount OLDER/YOUNGER adults with varying frontal lobe function, despite not many of OLDER/YOUNGER subjects being able to recall everyday control events

Answer 44

older; older

Question 45

Davidson et al. (2005) had shown that patients with damage to their amygdala remembered significantly LESS/MORE than those with damage to the frontal lobe for flashbulb memories

Answer 45

LESS

Question 46

What appears to distinguish the flashbulb memory duration for individuals with frontal or amygdala damage is being able to remember emotionally salient events. Davidson et al. (2005) found that emotionally salient events were better recalled by adults with AMYGDALA/FRONTAL LOBE damage than AMYGDALA/FRONTAL LOBE damage. This also relates to temporal lobe damage, in which those with that damage have less memory than frontal lobe (the temporal lobe encompasses the amygdala structure, so it too would be damaged)

Answer 46

frontal lobe; amygdala

Question 47

Talarico and Rubin (2003) found that which one of these was true about people's memories about 9/11? a. both memory for details as well as confidence in memories declined significantly b. neither memory for details nor confidence in memories declined c. memory for details declined but not confidence in the memories d. memory for details did not decline but confidence in the memories did

Answer 47

c. memory for details declined but not confidence in the memories

Question 48

What is the pattern of memory retention of flashbulb events for older adults? a. The emotional content of the memory does not appear to help older adults retain the information any more than neutral daily events. b. The emotional content appears to provide a protective factor for the memory compared to neutral daily events. c. Both older and younger adults have so many errors that the retention is not relevant.

Answer 48

b. The emotional content appears to provide a protective factor for the memory compared to neutral daily events. Compared to neutral events older adults perform comparably to younger adults for emotional information.

Question 49

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) is an experimental paradigm in which words that are likely to...during encoding with the goal of determining whether people falsely remember their inclusion

Answer 49

belong to a list are actually not included in the list

Question 50

A _ _ is a word item in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm that is likely to be falsely remembered

Answer 50

critical lure

Question 51

Results from the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM) provide support that our memory is organized within _ or categorical representations and is subject to suggestibility

Answer 51

semantic

Question 52

Misremembering words is an example of an error with out _ memory system

Answer 52

declarative (which includes episodic memory)

Question 53

What does the critical lure refer to in the DRM paradigm? a. it is the most common error subjects make b. it is the trick the researchers play on the subjects c. it is the categorical gist of the list subjects are exposed to d. it is the most important, or critical, aspect of any study

Answer 53

c. it is the categorical gist of the list subjects are exposed to the lure item is the item which the list is tempting our memories to construct.

Question 54

Loftus had found that people's memories could be altered after the fact through the introduction - without the person's awareness - of incorrect information that ends up being falsely remembered, coined the _ effect

Answer 54

misinformation

Question 55

Guesses of speed appeared to vary depending on the _ used during an interrogation of an accident (Loftus & Palmer, 1974)

Answer 55

phrasing contacted vs hit vs collided vs smashed car

Question 56

Participants were more likely to falsely remember seeing glass if they were asked about cars... than if they were not asked about the speed estimates of cars in a video

Answer 56

after an accident glass would be more consistent with one's idea of a car crash, despite never having seen it occur

Question 57

Based on Video 8.7 above, which form of questions should an interviewer use while questioning a witness? a. the interviewer should use detailed information in their questions b. interviewers should reward good answers with praise and verbal feedback c. the interviewer should use open-ended questions d. the interviewer should describe their personal impressions before beginning

Answer 57

c. the interviewer should use open-ended questions this form of question reduces the likelihood of influencing the person's memory.

Question 58

The "Lost in the Mall" study has been used to show that the suggestion of an event and out imagination can lead to not only alterations of memories, but...

Answer 58

the creation of memories (Lindsay et al., 2004; Wade et al., 2002)

Question 59

A victim experienced a drastic case of memory distortion by misremembering the face of her attacker due to seeing Donald Thomson's face on television, a phenomenon called _ _ing

Answer 59

source monitoring

Question 60

An example of stimuli used in Ross et al. (1994) had shown that subjects observed a teacher reading with an innocent observer, or only the class, and that subjects that had seen the innocent observer in the classroom video were LESS/MORE likely to report that he was the [later showed] thief

Answer 60

MORE source monitoring phenomenon - people can convince themselves that they remember something if no true memory is available

Question 61

Recognizing a person but not knowing where you've seen them before is an example of an error in which kind of memory mechanism? a. false memories b. memory reconstruction c. reminiscence bump d. source monitoring

Answer 61

d. source monitoring in the study with the innocent male bystander present during a video of a woman being robbed, he was falsely picked out of a lineup due to his proximity to the subjects.

Question 62

Chan, Thomas and Bulevich (2009) had subjects watch an episode of a popular television program. After a delay period, they gave half the subjects a recall task where they had to describe, from memory, parts of the show. The other half didn't have this task. Then, all subjects were asked specific questions into which they subtly introduced false info, then they gave the subjects a test to see whether they falsely remembered the misinformation. the results showed that those who had performed the recall task were LESS/MORE prone to remembering the misinformation than those who did not.

Answer 62

more

Question 63

Chan, Thomas and Bulevich (2009) had subjects watch an episode of a popular television program. After a delay period, they gave half the subjects a recall task where they had to describe, from memory, parts of the show. The other half didn't have this task. Then, all subjects were asked specific questions into which they subtly introduced false info, then they gave the subjects a test to see whether they falsely remembered the misinformation. the results showed that those who had performed the recall task were more prone to remembering the misinformation than those who did not. This phenomenon is thought to be because of _

Answer 63

reconsolidation

Question 64

A mechanism in which info that has previously been stored in LTM is actively recalled, leading it to be stored again in memory: _

Answer 64

reconsolidation

Question 65

Schiller et al. (2010) showed people a visual stimulus of a blue circle accompanied by a mild (but unpleasant) electrical shock. People's conditioned fear response (measured using a test of their skin conduction) suggests that _ can present problems when we want to remember things accurately, but can also create an opportunity to erase some aspects of memories we don't want to remember, even being a tool for PTSD. Reminder stimuli can act as a primer and even a tool to create a new connection, impacting the likelihood of the original event being remembered in the same way

Answer 65

reconsolidation

Question 66

Each time you rethink of an old memory it is susceptible to change. What is the name of the process the memory undergoes that makes it susceptible? a. consolidation b. reconsideration c. reconsolidation d. source monitoring

Answer 66

c. reconsolidation

Question 67

Jamey was in a car accident when she was 10. She vividly remembers hearing a horn honking right before the cars collided. Now, whenever she hears a horn honk while she is driving, she immediately braces for an impact, becomes terrified, and relives that original accident. Jamey is most likely experiencing which of the following?  a. postpartum depression b. post-traumatic stress disorder c. negative emotionality d. specific phobia

Answer 67

b. post-traumatic stress disorder Correct, the stress and trauma are reactivating this memory and physiological response for her, a hallmark symptom of PTSD.

Question 68

Officers conducting a deposition m ust be careful during questioning to allow the individual to do free recall, without active questioning. If questioning i s necessary, then language is to remain neutral and without any investigator present to bias the individual. Also, lineups shouldn't be a full one but individuals presented one at a time, and that the criminal may not be present. These methods help to discourage errors from _ _

Answer 68

eyewitness testimony

Question 69

Reinforcement learning or Deep-Q-Learning are methods for artificial neural networks to be trained in a matter similar to long-term memory (although currently such networks cannot 'reminisce' about the past, but learn from other algorithms, etc). This is reminiscent of a type of episodic memory called _ memory

Answer 69

replay

Question 70

Atari's Breakout game was one of the first video games successfully mastered by _ _ algorithms. In _ _, the agent learns based on "replay memory" of previous actions it has taken and the resulting rewards which are used to update its predictive model.

Answer 70

reinforcement learning (RL)

Question 71

_ _ serves as a directive guide for our purposeful actions, can increase social cohesion through shared experience, and can create a stable self-representation

Answer 71

autobiographical memory

Question 72

Autobiographical memory (AM) can be organized in tiers, and memories for these tiers can be mixed and can be utilized _

Answer 72

simultaneously - it doesn't require a buffer of time between certain ideas (doesn't need to think of pet-canine-dog-large dog-mean dog-Rottweiller, it can just go straight to the type of dog)

Question 73

Behavioural results from the attentional _ _ and patients with unilateral amygdala damage demonstrate the importance of _ _ in memory

Answer 73

emotional salience

Question 74

Flashbulb memories help us encode and store memories, and our confidence in them is ...

Answer 74

not absolutel

Question 75

The DRM paradigm and other studies demonstrate the misinformation effect in which participants are more likely to falsely recall a critical lure, demonstrating the memory's tendency to...

Answer 75

make decisions based on what can make sense, rather than how something may have actually happened - causing problems with post-encoding

Question 76

Loftus and Palmer (1974) showed how questions were phrased for an eyewitness event altered subjects' recollection of the event based on _

Answer 76

the impact of a verb change (e.g., 'crashed' rather than reference to a potential accident)

Question 77

Errors in _ _, the attribution of when or where some remembered information was first encountered, contributes to the formation of memory errors

Answer 77

source monitoring

Question 78

The left _ _ integrates info to form a multi-sensory memory, much like episodic recall

Answer 78

prefrontal cortex

Question 79

The medial _ _, including the hippocampus, is active during episodic memory recall

Answer 79

temporal lobe

Question 80

Which of these is NOT a viable possible explanation for infantile amnesia? a. Young children’s hippocampi are underdeveloped. b. Young children have underdeveloped language. c. Young children have different emotional responses to events than adults. d. Young children never encode the information in memory in the first place.

Answer 80

c. Young children have different emotional responses to events than adults. ?

Question 81

The "reminiscence bump" refers to ______. a. increased episodic memories for memories from mid-adolescence to early adulthood b. increased semantic memories for memories from mid-adolescence to early adulthood c. increased episodic memories for memories from mid-adulthood to late adulthood d. increased semantic memories for memories from mid-adulthood to late adulthood

Answer 81

a. increased episodic memories for memories from mid-adolescence to early adulthood ?

Question 82

Based on the available evidence, which of these is true of "flashbulb memories"? a. They are completely resistant to forgetting. b. People often feel as if they are resistant to forgetting. c. They are more vulnerable to forgetting than regular memories. d. They are exactly like regular memories in terms of forgetting.

Answer 82

b. People often feel as if they are resistant to forgetting. ?

Question 83

Elizabeth Loftus found ______. a. that memories can be altered by information after the original encoding b. that completely novel false memories can be created c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

Answer 83

c. both A and B ?

Question 84

One function of autobiographical memory is theorized to be allowing us to reminisce about the past or imagine future events. This is referred to as which of the following? a. reconsolidation b. encoding c. mental time traveling d. chronomemorization

Answer 84

a. reconsolidation ?

Question 85

Research shows which of the following is true regarding autobiographical memories and depression? a. Individuals with higher rates of depression feel increased physiological arousal to positive memories. b. Negative memories are associated with increased levels of physiological arousal in individuals with higher rates of depression. c. Levels of depression do not impact autobiographical memories. d. All of the above are true.

Answer 85

b. Negative memories are associated with increased levels of physiological arousal in individuals with higher rates of depression. ?

Question 86

Sheri is 65 and finds that she struggles to remember information from her early 30s, but is surprised that she can still remember her high school years quite well. Sheri is experiencing the ______. a. reminiscence bump b. general life event memory c. HSAM d. lifetime event

Answer 86

a. reminiscence bump ?

Question 87

Damage to which of the following areas would be most likely to impair processing and encoding of emotional memories? a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. parietal lobe d. basal ganglia

Answer 87

b. amygdala ?

Question 88

Researchers presented a list of words such as "glove," "finger," "shake," and "thumb" to participants without ever showing them the word “hand.” Nonetheless, many subjects reported seeing the word “hand.” This paradigm used to demonstrate the suggestibility of memory is referred to as the ______. a. DRM paradigm b. lost in the mall paradigm c. stop-sign paradigm d. RM memory study

Answer 88

a. DRM paradigm ?

Question 89

Loftus and Palmer (1974) used different verbs when interviewing subjects about a car accident. Which best describes their results? a. The emotions the participants felt were influential in changing their memories. b. Words used in the questioning influenced participants' speed estimates. c. Participants' memories were usually correct and stable. d. None of the above are true.

Answer 89

d. None of the above are true. ?

Question 90

Judy is at a party and she sees a woman she swears she knows, but she cannot think of where they would have met. This is an example of ______. a. misinformation effect b. false memory c. reconsolidation d. source monitoring

Answer 90

d. source monitoring ?

Question 91

Define autobiographical memory and the problems (and solutions) with measuring it

Answer 91

?

Question 92

Define infantile amnesia and 2 theories to explain it

Answer 92

?

Question 93

Define the reminiscence bump and explain the 4 theories to explain it

Answer 93

?

Question 94

Define flashbulb memories and discuss evidence of their existence

Answer 94

?

Question 95

Describe and provide an example of the repeated reproduction technique

Answer 95

?

Question 96

Describe the DRM procedure and it’s link to source monitoring errors

Answer 96

?

Question 97

Describe source monitoring errors, misinformation effect and implanted memories; provide experimental evidence of each

Answer 97

?

Question 98

Describe how false memory can be a real problem for eye-witness testimony and what can be done to prevent those problems

Answer 98

?

Question 99

Autobiographical memory is memory about ourselves that consists of episodic and _ memories

Answer 99

semantic

Question 100

Researchers are concerned with _ not _ in autobiographical memory research

Answer 100

quality not quantity

Question 101

Autobiographical memory is particularly difficult to study because it’s hard to _

Answer 101

verify

Question 102

Verifying AM has a few methods, each of which has its problems: 1. measuring memory for _ _

Answer 102

public events

Question 103

Verifying AM has a few methods, each of which has its problems: 1. measuring memory for public events 2. confirm with _ _

Answer 103

family members

Question 104

Verifying AM has a few methods, each of which has its problems: 1. measuring memory for public events 2. confirm with family members 3. use _ _

Answer 104

diary studies

Question 105

Verifying memory based on public events is problematic because...

Answer 105

unusual occurrences are likely to be more notable

Question 106

Verifying memory based on confirmations from family members is problematic because...

Answer 106

there is no way to determine whether their info is accurate

Question 107

Verifying memory based on diary studies is problematic because...

Answer 107

although verifiable, events may be remembered because they are notable

Question 108

Experiments that have participants log whatever they’re doing when they get notifications are verifiable but writing an event is a form of _, meaning they are engaging with it which increases the likelihood of remembering it, therefore may not be representative of AM

Answer 108

elaboration

Question 109

Wearing a GoPro for a study could work for studying AM, but requires very motivated/special participants, such as _ patients

Answer 109

Alzheimer’s

Question 110

Adults can’t recall any memories before that age of 2. This is due to infantile _

Answer 110

amnesia

Question 111

Our earliest memories are usually disjointed memory fragments between the ages of 2 and 4  memories on the earlier end tend to be related to ...

Answer 111

major life events or transitions

Question 112

Infantile amnesia is difficult to investigate: 1. Early memories are difficult, if not impossible, to _

Answer 112

verify

Question 113

Infantile amnesia is difficult to investigate: 1. Early memories are difficult, if not impossible, to verify 2. Memories may be from a secondary source, making it ...

Answer 113

not reliable

Question 114

Infantile amnesia is difficult to investigate: 1. Early memories are difficult, if not impossible, to verify 2. Memories may be from a secondary source 3. Participants may have difficulty ...

Answer 114

dating the memory

Question 115

Researchers typically ask participants to _ early events or provide target events or probe words to cue early memories

Answer 115

free-recall

Question 116

The view that neurological maturation causes infantile amnesia was a leading theory IS/NOT now being renewed

Answer 116

is

Question 117

Logic for theories against neurological maturation for development of AM is: early memories occur before the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex fully mature, but the _ is fully-formed at birth

Answer 117

hippocampus

Question 118

Josselyn and Frankland propose that rapid _ development leads to forgetting of early memories (2012)

Answer 118

hippocampal

Question 119

Animal studies (but not yet human) have shown that neurogenesis in the _ continues into adulthood, suggesting that rapid development in infancy (too steep a rate) meaning that early memories are forgotten

Answer 119

hippocampus