Ch. 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
The study of structure
2
Q
Define Physiology
A
The study of function
3
Q
List the Levels of Organization
A
- Chemicals
- (Organelles)
- Cellular
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organisms
4
Q
Define Growth
A
Increase in body size/number of cells
5
Q
Define Reproduction
A
New organisms or cells produced
6
Q
Define Responsiveness
A
Reaction to internal/external change
7
Q
Define Movement
A
Change in position, motion of internal organ
8
Q
Define Metabolism
A
The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
9
Q
Define Homeostasis
A
Internal balance
10
Q
What are the components of the control systems called homeostatic mechanism?
A
- Receptor (Receive)
- Set point (Normal value)
- Effector (Bring about responses)
11
Q
The body can be divided into 2 portions, what are they?
A
- Axial (Head, neck, and trunk)
- Appendicular (Upper and lower limbs)
12
Q
The axial portion contains several cavities that house body organs, what are the cavities?
A
- Cranial cavity
- Vertebral canal
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
13
Q
The cranial cavity houses the
A
Brain
14
Q
The vertebral canal houses the
A
Spinal cord
15
Q
The thoracic cavity houses the
A
Heart, lungs, mediastinum
[Mediastinum: Space between the lungs, Houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, superior/inferior vena cava)
16
Q
What is the mediastinum?
A
- The thoracic region between the two lungs, between the sternum and vertebrae
- Houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, superior/inferior vena cava
- (Splits left and right sections)
17
Q
The abdominopelvic cavity consist of what cavities
A
- Abdominal cavity (Stomach– LUQ, Liver– RUQ, Kidneys– Retroperitoneal)
- Pelvic cavity (End of large intestine, Internal reproductive organs, Urinary bladder)
18
Q
The abdominal cavity houses the
A
- Stomach (LUQ)
- Liver (RUQ)
- Kidneys (Retroperitoneal)
19
Q
The pelvic cavity houses the
A
End of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
20
Q
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
A
The diaphragm
21
Q
What are the membranes of the ventral cavity?
(Serous membranes)
A
- Pleural cavity
- Pericardial cavity
- Peritoneal cavity
22
Q
Parietal pleura
A
lines the pleural cavity
23
Q
Visceral pleura
A
covers the lungs
24
Q
Parietal percardium
A
lines the pericardial cavity
25
Visceral pericardium
- covers the heart
- AKA epicardium
26
Parietal peritoneum
lines the peritoneal cavity
27
Visceral peritoneum
covers the organs of the abdomen
28
List the organs and function of the integumentary system
- Hair, skin, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands
- Regulates body temperature, acts as an outer-protective covering
29
List the organs and function of the skeletal system
- Bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage
- Support and protect
[Tendon— Joins muscle to bone]
[Ligament— Joins bone to bone]
30
List the organs and function of the muscular system
- Muscles
- Provides body movement, source of body heat
- (Provides support and movement)
31
List the organs and function of the nervous system
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
- Communication throughout the body via neurotransmitters (fast acting)
- (Provides integration and coordination)
32
List the organs and function of the endocrine system
- All glands that secrete hormones
- (slow system) Alter metabolism of specific target cells
- The endocrine system works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
- [Homeostasis: Internal balance]
33
List the organs and function of the cardiovascular system
- Heart, blood vessels, blood
- Distribute oxygen, nutrients, & hormones, remove waste from cells-- carbon dioxide
- (Provides transport of substances through the body)
34
List the organs and function of the lymphatic system
- Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph (fluid)
- Drain excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
35
List the organs and function of the digestive system
- (1) Alimentary canal/Digestive tract— Passageway for food
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Rectum
- Anal canal
- Anus
- (2) Accessory organs— Secretion helps with the digestion of food
- Salivary gland (In the mouth)
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Breaks down complex food to use in the body
- (Provide absorption and excretion)
36
List the organs and function of the respiratory system
- Lungs, nasal cavity, pleural spaces
- Exchanges O2 and CO2
- (Provide absorption and excretion)
37
List the organs and function of the urinary system
- Kidneys (2), ureters (2), urinary bladder, urethra
- Filters blood, excrete urine
- (Provides absorption and excretion)
38
List the organs and function of the male reproductive system
- Primary sex organs (gonads) of the male:
- Testes
- Accessory ducts:
- Seminiferous tubule
- Epididymis
- Vas deferens
- Ejaculating duct
- Urethra
- Accessory glands
- Seminal vesicle
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral gland
- Produces sperm (1 hormone- testosterone)
39
List the organs and function of the female reproductive system
- Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
- Produce eggs (2 hormones, estrogen and progesterone)
40
Describe anatomical position
- Body erect
- Face and palms forward
- Upper limbs at sides
- [Erect: Rigidly upright or straight]
41
Superior
Above
42
Inferior
Below
43
Anterior
Ventral, front
44
Posterior
Dorsal, back
45
Medial
Closer to the midline
46
Lateral
Toward the side
47
Bilateral
Paired structures w/ one on each side (eyes, kidney, ovaries)
48
Ipsilateral
Structures on the same side of body (liver, right kidney)
49
Contralateral
Structures on the opposite sides of body
50
Proximal
Closer to point of attachment/origin
51
Distal
Further from the point of attachment/origin
52
Superficial
Near surface
53
Deep
More internal
54
The sagittal section divides the body into
right and left portions
55
If the sagittal section divides the body into equal parts, it is
midsagittal
56
The section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions is
transverse (horizontal)
57
The section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is
frontal (coronal)
58
A cross section is a cut
across the structure
59
An oblique section is an ________ cut through the structure
angular
60
A longitudinal section is a __________ cut through the structure
lengthwise
61
Epigastric
Above the stomach (Upper middle part)
62
Right and left hypochondriac
Below the ribs/cartilage (lateral to epigastric region)
63
Umbilical
Middle part
64
Right and left lumbar region
Lateral to umbilical region
65
Hypogastric region
Lower middle part, below umbilical
66
Right and left inguinal (iliac)
Lateral to hypogastric region
67
Cephalic
Head
68
Frontal
Forehead
69
Cervical
Neck
70
Axillary
Armpit
71
Mammary
Breast
72
Brachial
Arm
73
Femoral
Thigh
74
Occipital
Back of head
75
Dorsal
Posterior (back)
76
Lumbar
Lower back
77
Which organ system(s) provide body covering?
Integumentary system
78
Which organ system(s) provide support and movement?
1. Skeletal system
2. Muscular system
79
Which organ system(s) provide integration and coordination?
1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system
80
Which organ system(s) provide transport of substances through the body?
1. Cardiovascular system
2. Lymphatic system
81
Which organ system(s) provide absorption and excretion?
1. Digestive system
2. Respiratory system
3. Urinary system
82
Which organ system(s) provide reproduction of new offspring together?
1. Male reproductive system
2. Female reproductive system
83
The mediastinum houses…
The heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, superior/inferior vena cava
[Mediastinum: The space between both lungs inside thoracic cavity]
