Ch. 13 Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
The cardiovascular system is..
A
A closed circuit that consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins), and blood
2
Q
A functional cardiovascular system is vital for supplying..
A
Oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing wastes (CO2, metabolic waste) from them
3
Q
Oxygen-poor blood is carried by the pulmonary circuit to the..
A
Lungs, where it picks up oxygen and drops of carbon dioxide
- [Pulmo:Lung] - Pulmonary system: From the heart to the lungs (Inhale) , then from the lungs to the heart (Exhale)
4
Q
The systemic circuit sends oxygen-rich blood to..
A
All body cells, where it drops of oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide
5
Q
What are the anatomic structures of the cardiovascular system?
A
1.Heart
2. Blood Vessels
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
3. Blood
6
Q
Structure of the heart..
A
- Muscular, cone-shaped organ the size of a fist
- A muscular pump within the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity
- [Mediastinum: Space between the lungs, Houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, superior, and inferior vena cava)
7
Q
Location of the heart..
A
- Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum (breastbone), and between the lungs
- Base: (Superior) Lies beneath the second rib (clavicle)
- Apex: (Inferior) Extends to the fifth intercostal space
- [Inter: In between]
- [Costal: Cartilage]
8
Q
Function of the heart..
A
Pumping action circulates blood throughout the body
9
Q
Blood vessels are..
A
Tube-like structures that carry blood throughout the body
The blood vessels form a closed circuit that carries blood away from the heart, to the cells, and back again
- Blood vessels:
- Arteries— Carry blood away from the heart
- Arterioles— Connects an artery to a capillary (Smallest arteries)
- Capillaries— Materials are passed between blood and tissues through capillary walls (Diffusion takes place)
- [Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration]
- Venules— Connects a capillary to a vein
- Veins— Carry blood towards the heart
10
Q
The blood vessels include..
A
- (1) Arteries
- Function: Carry blood away from the heart
- (2) Capillaries
- (Very thin blood vessels that run between arteries and veins)
- Microscopic blood vessels
- Function: Materials are passed between blood and tissues through capillary walls
- (3) Veins
- Function: Carry blood towards the heart
11
Q
Arteries.. (Function)
A
Are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Transports blood under relatively high pressure from heart to arterioles
12
Q
Capillaries.. (Structure and function)
A
(Very thin blood vessels that run between arteries and veins)
- Microscopic blood vessels - Function: Materials are passed between blood and tissues through capillary walls (Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged betweem blood and tissue fluid; connects an arteriole to a venule)
13
Q
Veins.. (Structure and function)
A
Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart
[Thinner wall, larger than artery, have valves (especially on lower extemities) to prevent backflow]
14
Q
Blood..
A
- Fluid circulated through heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
- Composed of plasma and formed elements (Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets/thrombocytes)
15
Q
The pericardium is..
A
A membranous sac that encloses the heart
16
Q
The pericardium consist of 2 portions:
A
- (1) Fibrous pericardium— Outer, tough, connective tissue layer
- (2) Serous pericardium— The inner, more delicate, double-layered (which consists of):
- Parietal pericardium— Lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
- Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)— Inner layer of serous membrane, covers the heart
- Pericardial cavity— The space between the visceral and parietal layers, contains serous fluid to reduce friction between layers
17
Q
Fibrous pericardium—
A
Outer, tough, connective tissue layer
18
Q
Serous pericardium—
A
- The inner, more delicate, double-layered (which consists of):
- Parietal pericardium— Lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
- Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)— Inner layer of serous membrane, covers the heart
- Pericardial cavity— The space between the visceral and parietal layers, contains serous fluid to reduce friction between layers
19
Q
Parietal pericardium—
A
Lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
[Fibrous pericardium— Outer, tough, connective tissue layer]
20
Q
Visceral pericardium —
A
(Epicardium) Inner layer of serous membrane, covers the heart
21
Q
Pericardial cavity—
A
The space between the visceral and parietal layers, contains serous fluid to reduce friction between layers
22
Q
The wall of the heart is composed of 3 layers:
A
- (1) Epicardium (Visceral pericardium)— The outermost layer; a serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelial; decreases friction in the heart
- [Epi: Above] - (2) Myocardium— The middle layer; consist of cardiac muscle, the thickest layer of the heart wall; pumps blood out of the heart chambers
- [Myo: Muscle]
- [Cardiac: Heart] - (3) Endocardium— The inner layer; made up of connective tissue and epithelium; continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart; contains the Purkinje fibers (part of the cardiac conduction system)
- [Endo: Within]
- [Cardiac: Heart]
23
Q
Epicardium —
A
(Visceral pericardium) The outermost layer; a serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelial; decreases friction in the heart
- [Epi: Above]
24
Q
Myocardium—
A
The middle layer; consist of cardiac muscle, the thickest layer of the heart wall; pumps blood out of the heart chambers
- [Myo: Muscle] - [Cardiac: Heart]
25
Endocardium—
The inner layer; made up of connective tissue and epithelium; continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart; contains the Purkinje fibers (part of the cardiac conduction system)
- [Endo: Within]
- [Cardiac: Heart]
26
The heart contains 4 chambers:
- 2 Upper chambers: Atria— Receiving chambers (Receive blood)
- Receive blood returning to the heart
- Have thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior
- 2 Lower chambers: Ventricles— Pumping chambers (Pump blood)
- Thick-muscled ventricles that pump blood out of the heart
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2 Upper chambers:
Atria
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2 Lower chambers:
Ventricles
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Atria—
Receiving chambers (Receive blood)
- Receive blood returning to the heart
- Have thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior
30
Ventricles—
Pumping chambers (Pump blood)
- Thick-muscled ventricles pump blood out of the heart
31
Septum:
Separates the atrium and ventricle on the right from those on the left
32
Two parts of the septum include:
- Interatrial septum— The wall that separates the two atriums
- [Inter: In between]
- Interventricular septum— The wall that separates the two ventricles
[Septum: Separates the atrium and ventricle on the right from those on the left]
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Interatrial septum—
The wall that separates the two atriums
- [Inter: In between]
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Interventricle septum—
The wall that separates the two ventricles
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Atrioventricular (AV):
Door between the atrium and ventricles valve to ensure one-way flow of blood from atria to ventricle
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The right AV (Tricuspid) valve and left AV (Bicuspid or mitral) valve have cusps to which..
Chordae tendineae attach (Attached to the wall by the tendon and muscles)
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Chordae tendineae are attached to (1)__________ ; These muscles contract during (2)_________.
- (1) Papillary muscles in the inner wall of the heart
- (2) Ventriculae contraction to prevent backflow of blood through the AV valves
38
Superior and inferior vena cavae bring blood
Back from the systemic circuit to the right atrium
- [Vena: Big vein]
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Coronary sinus drains blood from the
Myocardium (coronary circulation) into the right atrium
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Right ventricle has a thinner wall than the left ventricle, because..
it must pump blood only as far as the lungs, compared to the left ventricle pumping blood to the entire body
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Each side of the heart has a semilunar valve between the ventricle and the blood vessel into which blood is pumped:
- (1) Pulmonary semilunar valve
- (2) Aortic semilunar valve
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Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk/artery; at the base of the pulmonary trunk/artery is the..
Pulmonary semilunar valve, which prevents backflow of the blood into the right ventricle
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Left ventricle pumps blood to the systemic circuit through the aorta; at the base of the aorta is the aortic semilunar valve, which..
Prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle
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Tricuspid valve is located at the..
Opening between right atrium and right ventricle
45
The tricuspid valve.. (Function)
Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle back into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
46
The pulmonary semilunar valve is located at the..
Entrance to pulmonary trunk, between the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle
47
The pulmonary semilunar valve.. (Function)
Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk, back into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
48
The mitral (bicuspid) valve is located at..
The opening between left atrium and left ventricle
49
The mitral (bicuspid) valve.. (Function)
Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
50
The aortic semilunar valve is located at..
The entrance to aorta, between aorta and left ventricle
51
The aortic semilunar valve.. (Function)
Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
52
The Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits
- 1) Pulmonary circulation— Flow between heart and lungs
- (2) Systemic circulation— Flow between heart and body tissues
- Pulmonary circuit
1. Deoxygenated blood from the upper body and lower returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus of the myocardium
2. The right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid value into the right ventricle
3. The right ventricle contracts, closing the tricuspid value, and forcing blood through the pulmonary semilunar value into the pulmonary trunk/arteries
4. The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs, where it enters alveolar capillaries, the site of gas exchange with the alveoli of the lungs,; here the blood drops of CO2 and picks up O2
- Systemic circuit
1. Oxygenated blood flows back into the left atrium via pulmonary veins
2. The left atrium pumps blood through the mitral (bicuspid) valve into the left ventricle
3. The left ventricle contracts, closing the mitral valve, opening the aortic semilunar valve, and pumping blood into the aorta for distribution to the systemic circulation of the body
53
Blood flow proceeds in a continuous..
Circle
54
Two circuits, or subdivisions , for blood flow with respect to gas exchange:
- (1) Pulmonary circulation— Flow between heart and lungs
- (2) Systemic circulation— Flow between heart and body tissues
55
Describe the blood flow through the heart (With image):
- Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via the vena cavae and coronary sinus
- The right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
- The right ventricle contracts, closing the tricuspid valve, and forcing blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk/arteries
- The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs, where it enters alveolar capillaries, the site of gas exchange with the alveoli of the lungs; here the blood drops off CO2 and picks up O2
- Oxygenated blood flows back to the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins
- The left atrium pumps blood through the mitral (bicuspid) valve into the left ventricle
- The left ventricle contracts, closing the mitral valve, opening the aortic semilunar valve, and pumping blood into the aorta for distribution to the systemic circuit of the body
56
Right and left coronary arteries:
First branches off the aorta, which carry oxygenated blood to the heart
57
Blood flow increases during relaxation of the ventricles, because..
Myocardial vessels are not compressed at this time
58
Due to the constant pumping of the heart, cardiac muscles cells..
Require a continuous supply of oxygen
59
Branches of the coronary arteries feed..
Many capillaries of the myocardium
60
Branches of the coronary arteries have connections called anastomoses, which..
These provide alternate pathways for blood, in case a pathway becomes blocked
- Anastomoses: Joining
61
Cardiac veins drain blood from the heart muscle, and carry it to the coronary sinus, which is
A large vein that empties into the right atrium
62
Systole:
- Contraction
- Peak pressure
- 120 mm of Hg (Mercury)
63
Diastole:
- Relaxation
- Lowest pressure
- 80 mm of Hg (Mercury)
64
The cardiac cycle consist of the following events:
[Cycle: Repeat]
(1) First, the atria contract (called atrial systole), while ventricles relax (called ventricular diastole)
(2) Then, the ventricles contract (called ventricular systole), while the atria relax (called atrial diastole)
(3) Then the entire heart relaxed for a brief moment
65
Atria contract is called..
Atrial systole
66
Ventricles relax is called
Ventricular diastole
67
Ventricles contract is called..
Ventricular systole
68
Atria relax is called..
Atrial diastole
69
Cardiac conduction system:
- Specialized cardiac muscle tissue conducts impulses throughout the myocardium
- These cells do not contract, but initiate and distribute impulses in the heart, coordinating the cardiac cycle
70
Components of the cardiac conduction system:
- Sinoatrial (SA) node— A self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle, serves as the pacemaker; located in the posterior right atrium; generates the impulses for the heart beat
- Atrial syncytium— From the SA node, causes atrial contraction to occur
- Junctional fibers— Lead to the next major component, the AV nose
- Atrioventricular (AV) node— Passes impulses to the AV bundle (Bundle of his), delaying the signal until atria have finished contracting; located in the interatrial septum
- AV Bundle (Bundle of his)— From the AV node, impulses pass to the AV bundle and travel down the interventricular septum
- Bundle branches—AV bundle divides into left and right bundle branches under the endocardium
- Purkinje fibers— Bundle branches give off the purkinje fibers, which spread impulses to the ventricular wall and papillary muscles
71
Sinoatrial (SA) node—
A self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle, serves as the pacemaker; located in the posterior right atrium; generates the impulses for the heart beat
72
Atrial syncytium—
From the SA node, causes atrial contraction to occur
73
Junctional fibers—
Lead to the next major component, the AV node
74
Atrioventricular (AV) node—
Passes impulses to the AV bundle (Bundle of his), delaying the signal until atria have finished contracting; located in the interatrial septum
75
AV Bundle (Bundle of his)—
From the AV node, impulses pass to the AV bundle and travel down the interventricular septum
76
Bundle branches—
AV bundle (Bundle of his) divides into left and right bundle branches under the endocardium
77
Purkinje fibers—
Bundle branches give off the purkinje fibers, which spread impulses to the ventricular wall and papillary muscles
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The action of the purkinje fibers stimulates..
Contraction of the papillary muscles, and cause the ventricles to contract in a twisting, upward motion
79
Electrocardiography..
- “EKG”
- A recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle
- Recording results from the summed action potentials of many cardiac muscle cells, which can be detected through electrical currents in the body fluids
80
Components of the ECG:
- P wave— Atrial contraction
- QRS complex— Ventricular contraction
- T wave— Ventricular relaxation
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P wave—
Atrial contraction
82
QRS complex—
Ventricular contraction
83
T wave—
Ventricular relaxation
84
Heart sounds are due to..
Vibrations in heart tissues as the valves close
85
Heart sounds can be described as a..
“lubb dupp” sound
86
The first heart sound (lubb) occurs as..
Ventricles contract and AV valves are closing
87
The second heart sound (dupp) occurs as..
Ventricles relax and aortic and pulmonary valves are closing
88
An abnormal heart sound is called a..
Murmur; it is due to valve damage
89
Average adult resting heart rate:
70 - 75 bpm, with normal range of 60 to 100 bpm
90
Tachycardia—
Resting heart rate > 100 bpm
91
Bradycardia—
Resting heart rate < 60 bpm
92
The amount of blood pumped at any one time must adjust to the
Current needs of the body
93
If a person is exercising, more blood is needed by the..
Skeletal muscles, and the heart rate increases
94
Sympathetic NS impulses..
Increase the speed and strength of heart contractions
95
Heart rate is decreased by..
Parasympathetic impulses
96
Cardiac output—
Amount of blood pumped by the heart during left ventricular systole in one minute
97
Stroke volume—
Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle per beat/stroke
98
Blood pressure—
The pressure of the circulating blood on the wall of arteries
99
The wall of an artery consist of 3 layers:
- (1) Tunica interna
- Inner layer
- Made of simple squamous epithelium
- Also called endothelium
- Direct contact with blood
- Prevent blood clotting
- (2) Tunica media
- Middle layer
- Thickest layer
- Consist 2 layers: (1) Elastic connective tissue, (2) Smooth muscle
- [Tube-like structures are made up of smooth muscle]
- Functions: (1) Elasticity/contractibility, (2) Help maintaining blood pressure
- (3) Tunica externa (Tunica adventitia)
- Formed by fibrous connective tissue
- Very strong
- Prevent rupturing of the blood vessel because of pressure beared from the left ventricle
100
Tunica interna..
- Inner layer
- Made of simple squamous epithelium
- Also called endothelium
- Direct contact with blood
- Prevent blood clotting
101
Tunica media..
- Middle layer
- Thickest layer
- Consist 2 layers: (1) Elastic connective tissue, (2) Smooth muscle
- [Tube-like structures are made up of smooth muscle]
- Functions: (1) Elasticity/contractibility, (2) Help maintaining blood pressure
102
Tunica externa (Tunica adventitia)
- Formed by fibrous connective tissue
- Very strong
- Prevent rupturing of the blood vessel because of pressure beared from the left ventricle
103
Walls of arterioles get thinner as they approach the..
Capillaries
104
Small arterioles have only..
Endothelium, a small number of muscle cells, and a thin layer of connective tissue
105
Blood entering capillaries contains..
High concentration of oxygen and nutrients, that diffuse from capillaries into the tissues
106
BP is higher in.
Arteriolar end of capillaries than in the venular end
107
More fluid leaves capillaries by filtration than returns by osmosis because..
The excess fluid is picked up by lymphatic vessels and returned to circulation
108
Pathology in the lymphatic system leads to..
Swelling [Edema: When fluid goes between tissue]
109
Venules leading from capillaries merge to form..
Larger veins, that return blood to the heart in the right atrium
110
Walls of veins have the same three layers as arteries, except..
That the muscle is thinner, and they have flap-like valves to prevent backflow of blood
- EX: Gastrocnemius (Calf muscle) contract and relaxes as blood goes up to the right atrium and fights against gravity
111
Lumen of a vein is larger than..
An artery
112
Blood pressure in a vein is lower than..
An artery
113
Veins also function as blood reservoirs..
Vasocontriction of veins in times of blood loss can almost restore normal BP after 25% of blood being lost to a hemorrhage
114
Arteries are (1)___________ and (2)__________ walls because of pressure to the left ventricle containing 3 layers
1. Thick
2. Strong
115
Arterioles.. (Structure and function)
[Thinner walls and have capillary spincters to control blood flow]
Thinner wall than an artery but with three layers; smaller arterioles have an endothelial lining, some smooth muscle, and a small amount of connective tissue
Function: Connects an artery to a capillary; helps control blood flow into capillary by vascocontricting or vasodilating
116
Venule.. (Structure and function)
[Connection between capillary and veins which take deoxygenated blood and waste]
Thinner wall than in an arteriole, less smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
Function: Connects a capillary to a vein
117
Blood Pressure (BP) exists all through the..
Cardiovascular system
118
The term “blood pressure” usually refers to..
Systemic arterial pressure
119
Veins contain..
No pressure
120
Systolic pressure: Maximum arterial pressure reached during..
Ventricular contraction (systole)
121
Diastolic pressure: Minimum arterial pressure reached during
Ventricular relaxation (diastole), just before the next contraction
122
A ______________ is used to measure arterial blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
123
A BP of no greater than _____________ (systolic/diastolic) at rest is considered normal
120/80 mm of Hg
124
BP decreases as distance from the..
Left ventricle increases
125
Common pulse points include the
- Radial artery
- Carotid artery
- Brachial artery
- Femoral artery
126
Blood pressure increases:
- Blood volume increases
- Heart rate increases
- Stroke volume increases
- Blood viscosity increases
- Peripheral resistance increases
127
Cardiac output =
stroke volume X heart rate
128
Cardiac output (CO) directly affects..
Blood pressure
129
If stroke volume or heart rate increases, so does the..
Cardiac output
130
Blood volume:
Sum of the volumes of the plasma and formed elements
131
Blood volume varies with..
Age, body size, and gender
132
Average adult blood volume ~
5L, 8% of body weight
133
Blood pressure is directly proportional to..
Blood volume
134
Hemorrhage or dehydration lowers the blood volume and the..
Blood pressure
135
Peripheral resistance:
Friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels is a force called peripheral resistance (PR)
136
Vasoconstriction of arterioles causes..
Blood to back up into arteries supplying the arterioles, which increases the BP
137
Viscosity:
- Difficulty with which molecules in a fluid flow past each other
- The greater the blood viscosity, the greater its resistance to flow, and the greater the blood pressure
- [Polycythemia: (Excessive amount of red blood cells) causing blood to become viscous/thick]
- Slow moving blood
138
The aorta is the body’s _______________ and comes out of the ___________
- Largest artery in diameter
- Left ventricle
139
Major portions of the aorta:
- Ascending aorta
- Arch of the aorta
- Descending aorta
- Thoracic aorta
- Abdominal aorta
140
Ascending aorta:
- First portion of aorta, extending out of the..
Left ventricle
141
Ascending aorta:
- The branches of the ascending aorta are..
Right and left coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle
142
Aortic arch:
- Bend in the aorta..
(to the left side), after ascending aorta
143
3 branches of the aortic arch are:
- (1) Brachiocephalic trunk (Innominent)
- (2) Left common carotid artery— Supplies to brain, neck, face
- (3) Left subclavian artery— Supplies the upper extremities
144
Descending aorta:
- The next portion of the aorta, following..
The arch
145
Descending aorta:
- Extends downward anterior to the vertebral column, and consists of the:
- (1) Thoracic aorta
- Portion above diaphragm
- Gives rise to many small arteries to the thoracic wall and thoracic viscera
- (2) Abdominal aorta
- Portion below the diaphragm
- Gives off branches to the abdominal wall and [Viscera:Organ]
- Gives off paired and unpaired branches:
- Paired:
- Phrenic artery
- Renal artery
- Gonadal artery
- Testicular artery (Male)
- Ovarian artery (Female)
- Unpaired:
- Celiac trunk
- Superior mesenteric artery
- Inferior mesenteric artery
146
Thoracic aorta—
- Portion above diaphragm
- Gives rise to many small arteries to the thoracic wall and thoracic viscera
147
Abdominal aorta—
- Portion below the diaphragm
- Gives off branches to the abdominal wall and [Viscera:Organ]
148
Abdominal aorta—
- Gives off paired and unpaired branches:
- Paired:
- Phrenic artery
- Renal artery
- Gonadal artery [Testicular artery (Male), Ovarian artery (Female)]
- Unpaired:
- Celiac trunk [Common hepatic a. and Splenic a]
- Superior mesenteric artery
- Inferior mesenteric artery
149
The aorta passing through the thoracic cavity is classified as..
Thoracic aorta
150
The aorta as it pierces through the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity is classified as..
Abdominal aorta
151
Paired branches of the abdominal aorta:
- Phrenic artery
- Renal artery
- Gonadal artery
152
Unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta:
- Celiac trunk
- Superior mesenteric artery
- Inferior mesenteric artery
153
General regions or organ supplied to the celiac artery:
Stomach, spleen, liver
154
General regions or organ supplied to the phrenic artery:
Diaphragm
155
General regions or organ supplied to the superior mesenteric artery:
Portions of the small and large intestines
156
General regions or organ supplied to the suprarenal artery:
Adrenal gland
157
General regions or organ supplied to the renal artery:
Kidney
158
General regions or organ supplied to the gonadal (testicular, ovarian):
Ovary or testis
159
General regions or organ supplied to the inferior mesenteric artery:
Lower portions of large intestines
160
General regions or organ supplied to the common iliac arteries:
Lower and abdominal wall, pelvic organs, and lower limb
161
Arteries to the neck, head, and brain include branches of the..
Subclavian and common carotid arteries
162
The common carotid artery (whether it is left or right) supplies to the..
Neck, head, and brain
- They only differ in origin
163
The left common carotid artery originates from the..
Aortic arch
164
The right common carotid artery orginates from the..
Brachiocephalic trunk (innominate)
165
The subclavian artery gives off the..
(right and left) Vertebral and thyrocervical arteries to supply this area
- [Sub: Below]
- [Clavicle— Collarbone]
166
The vertebral arteries supply the..
Vertebrae and their associated ligaments and muscles, spinal cord, and brainstem
167
In the cranial cavity, the vertebral arteries unite to form a..
Basilar artery which ends as two posterior cerebral arteries (Foramen magnum)
168
The 2 vertebral arteries join at the..
Foramen magnum to become 1 artery called the basilar artery
169
The basilar artery ends as two
Posterior cerebral arteries (Foramen magnum)
170
The posterior cerebral arteries help form the..
Cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis)
171
The posterior cerebral arteries help form the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis) which provides..
alternate pathways through which blood can reach the brain, by uniting the vertebral and internal carotid artery systems
172
The thyrocervical arteries are short vessels that give off branches to various parts of the..
Neck, shoulder, and back, including the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus
173
The right and left common carotid artery bifurcate into the..
External carotid artery and internal carotid arteries (The main blood supply to the brain)
- [Bifurcate/Bifurcation: Divide]
174
Near the base of the internal carotid arteries are the carotid sinuses, which contain..
Baroreceptors to monitor blood pressure
175
The superior thyroid artery which is a branch of the external carotid artery supplies to the..
Larynx and thyroid gland
176
The superficial temporal artery which is a branch of the external carotid artery supplies to the..
Parotid salivary gland and surface of the face and scalp
177
The ophthalmic artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery supplies to the..
Eye and eye muscles
178
The anterior cerebral artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery supplies to the..
Frontal lobes of the brain
179
Subclavian artery branches toward the neck, and then continues into the arm, where it becomes the..
Axillary artery, as it runs between the clavicle and first rib
180
Axillary artery supplies blood to..
Axilla and chest wall
181
In the shoulder region, the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery that, in turn, gives rise to the..
Ulnar and radial arteries in the elbow area
182
The radial artery (lateral side) and the ulnar artery (medial side) supply..
Blood to the forearms and hands (Palmar arch)
183
Internal thoracic artery, a branch of the subclavian artery, gives rise to anterior intercostal arteries, which supply..
Mammary glands and intercostal muscles
184
At the pelvic brim (4th lumbar vertebra), the abdominal aorta bifurcates to form the..
Common iliac arteries
185
The common iliac arteries supply the..
Pelvic organs, gluteal area, and lower limbs
186
The common iliac arteries bifurcates into..
- Internal iliac arteries: Supply blood to pelvic muscles and visceral structures, gluteal structures, and reproductive organs
- External iliac arteries: Provide main blood supply to the legs, where they continue to become femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial arteries
187
Internal iliac arteries:
Supply blood to pelvic muscles and visceral structures, gluteal structures, and reproductive organs
188
External iliac arteries:
Provide main blood supply to the legs, where they continue to become femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial arteries
189
Aorta (largest artery of the body) comes out from the..
Left ventricle
190
Venous System
- Veins return blood to the heart after the exchange of substances has occurred in the tissues
191
Characteristics of venous pathways:
- Veins arise from merging capillaries into venules
- Larger veins parallel the courses of arteries and same names
- Smaller veins take irregular pathways and many are unnamed
- Veins from the head and upper torso drain into the superior vena cava
- Veins from the lower body drain blood into the inferior vena cava
- The vena cavae empty into the right atrium
192
Veins from the head and upper torso drain into the..
Superior vena cava
193
Veins from the lower body drain blood into the..
Inferior vena cava
194
The vena cavae empty into the..
Right atrium
195
External jugular veins drain the face, scalp, and superficial neck, and empty into..
Subclavian veins
196
Internal jugular veins drain the brain, and deep parts of the face and neck, and also into the..
Subclavian veins
197
The subclavian veins drain the..
Upper extremities
198
Union of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein forms the..
Brachiocephalic vein on both sides
199
Brachiocephalic veins merge to form the..
Superior vena cava, which drains into the right atrium
200
Veins of the upper extremities:
- Superficial vein— Do not have paired arteries
- Median cubital vein
- Cephalic vein
- Basilic vein
- Deep vein
- Subclavian vein
- Axillary vein
- Brachial vein
- Radial vein
- Ulnar vein
201
Superficial veins of the upper extremities: (Do not have paired arteries)
- Median cubital vein
- Cephalic vein
- Basilic vein
202
Deep veins of the upper extremities:
- Subclavian vein
- Axillary vein
- Brachial vein
- Radial vein
- Ulnar vein
203
The upper limb is drained by sets of..
Superficial and deep veins
204
Deep veins are..
Parallel to their corresponding arteries, and include the radial, ulnar, and brachial veins
205
Basilic and cephalic veins are..
Superficial veins
206
Basilic vein merges with the brachial vein, to form..
The axillary vein
- Cephalic vein also drains into the axillary vein
207
Axillary vein continues on to become the..
Subclavian vein
208
Median cubital vein is a..
Large, visible vein, making it a common site for venipuncture (where blood is drawn); joins the cephalic and basilic veins in the vicinity of the elbow
209
The superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein joining is called..
The portal conference
210
The portal system consist of..
The splenic vein from the spleen, the inferior mesenteric vein from (2/3) remaining part of the large intestine, the superior mesenteric vein from the small intestine and first (1/3) part of the large intestine, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal conference which forms the portal vein, and takes all the nutrients to the liver, where metabolism takes place.
211
80% of blood entering the liver via the hepatic portal vein is derived from..
Stomach and intestines; it is oxygen-poor but full of nutrients
- (Full of nutrients because its is from the drainage of the digestive system)
212
Liver processes..
Nutrients and regulates their blood concentrations and storage
213
Veins of the lower extremities:
- Superficial vein
- Great saphenous vein
- Small saphenous vein
- Deep vein
- Femoral vein
- Popliteal vein
- Tibial vein
- Fibular vein
214
Superficial veins of the lower extremities:
- Great saphenous vein
- Small saphenous vein
215
Deep veins of the lower extremities:
- Femoral vein
- Popliteal vein
- Tibial vein
- Fibular vein
216
The deep veins include the anterior and posterior tibial veins, which unite to form the popliteal vein; this then becomes the femora; vein, which continues to become..
The external iliac vein
217
Superficial veins of the lower extremities/limbs
include the..
Small and great saphenous veins
218
The great saphenous vein is the longest vein in the body; it joins the..
Femoral vein in the thigh
219
In the pelvic area, internal iliac veins drain blood from the..
Reproductive, urinary, and lower digestive systems
220
The femoral vein enters the pelvic cavity and becomes the..
External iliac vein
221
Internal and external iliac veins merge to empty into the..
Common iliac veins
222
The 2 common iliac veins merge/joins at the..
5th lumbar vertebra to form the inferior vena cava
223
IVF ascends upward and receives the right gonadal vein, then ascends upward and..
Receives left and right renal vein
224
The left gonadal veins drains into the left renal vein, then ascends upward and receives the..
Hepatic veins from the livers, pierces the diaphragm and enters the right atrium
225
Describe the arterial system (With image):
- Aorta (largest artery of the body) comes out from the left ventricle
- Left ventricle contracts, aortic semilunar valve opens and blood gushes into the aorta
- As blood leaves the heart it becomes the ascending aorta (its ascends upward)
- The branches of the ascending aorta are the right and left coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart
- Then it ascends to the left which becomes the arch of the aorta
- 1st branch: Brachiocephalic/inominant
- Bifurcates into the right subclavian and right common carotid artery
- 2nd branch: Left common carotid artery
- 3rd branch: Left subclavian artery
- Then it descends downward, forming the descending aorta
- When passing through the thoracic cavity it becomes the thoracic aorta
- Then it pierces through the diaphragm, goes through the abdominal cavity and becomes the abdominal aorta
- **The common carotid artery and the subclavian artery, whether it is right or left have the same routes and supplies, the only difference is the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery are branches of the arch of the aorta, and the right subclavian and right common carotid artery are branches of the brachiocephalic/inominant**
- The right and left common carotid arteries bifurcate into the external and internal carotid arteries
- They supply blood to the face, neck, and brain
- The external carotid artery has several branches **Superior thyroid artery and superficial temporal artery**
- The internal carotid artery has no branches in the neck, it pierces the skull at the base of the brain, and the first branch is the ophthalmic artery
- Ophthalmic artery bifurcates into middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery
- The right and left anterior cerebral arteries communicate with each other (and connects) by the anterior communicating artery
- The right and left subclavian arteries (below the clavicle)
- Ascending upward is the right and left vertebral arteries
- The right and left vertebral arteries ascend upward and goes through the foramen magnum (joins) and forms the basilar artery
- The basilar artery which is at the base of the brain, bifurcates into the right and left posterior cerebral arteries
- The posterior cerebral arteries joins with the anterior cerebral arteries by the posterior communicating arteries
- The posterior cerebral arteries help form the circle of willis
- As the aorta pierces the diaphragm and goes into the abdominal cavity, there are unpaired and paired branches branches of the abdominal aorta
- Unpaired branches
- Celiac artery
- Bifurcates into splenic artery (supplies the spleen) and the common hepatic artery (supplies blood to the liver)
- Superior mesenteric artery
- Supplies to small intestines and 1/3 of the large intestine
- Inferior mesenteric artery
- Supplies to the remaining part of the large intestine (2/3)
- Pair branches
- Phrenic artery
- Too small, c/n be scanned
- Supplies blood to the diaphragm
- Renal artery
- Supplies blood to the kidneys
- Gonadal artery
- Testicular artery (Male)
- Ovarian artery (Female)
- Then the aorta descends further down and at the 4th lumbar vertebra, the abdominal aorta bifurcates in into the left and right common iliac arteries
- The left common iliac arteries bifurcate into exteral iliac arteries and internal iliac arteries
- The internal iliac arteries supplies blood to the reproductive organs and other organs in the pelvic cavity
- The external iliac artery goes under the ligament and becomes the femoral artery
- The femoral artery becomes the fibular and tibial arteries as well
226
Describe the venous system (With image):
- The tibial and fibular vein join to form the popliteal vein
- The popliteal vein joins the fibular area to become the femoral vein
- There are 2 superficial veins
- Small and great saphenous veins
- The great saphenous joins the femoral vein
- When it enters the pelvic cavity, it becomes the external iliac vein
- The external iliac vein joins the internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein
- The right and left common iliac vein join to form the inferior vena cava at the level of the 5th lumbar vertebra
- It ascends upwards and gets drainage from the right gonadal vein
- Male— Testicular vein
- Female— Ovarian vein
- It ascends upwards and gets the drainage from the right and left kidney through the right and left renal vein
- The left renal veins receives from the left gonadal vein of the left gonads
- Then it ascends upward and gets drainage from the liver through the hepatic vein
- The the inferior vena cava enters the right atrium
227
Describe the portal system (With image):
- The splenic vein which drains the spleen gets the drainage from the (2/3) remaining part of large intestines through the inferior mesenteric vein, then it moves toward the right and gets drainage from the small intestine and the first part (1/3) of the large intestine through the superior mesenteric artery.
- The superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein join to form the portal conference
- Once the portal conference is formed, above that is the portal vein which takes all the nutrients from the small and large intestines to the liver (where metabolism takes place)
