Ch. 12 Blood Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
Blood, which is formed in bones is..
A
A type of (liquid) specialized connective tissue with fluid matrix (plasma) and formed elements
2
Q
Blood is composed of..
A
- Plasma (Liquid portion of blood)
- Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets/Thrombocytes)
3
Q
Plasma is..
A
Liquid portion of blood
4
Q
Formed elements consist of..
A
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Platelets/Thrombocytes
5
Q
Hematocrit (Hct):
A
The percentage of red blood cells
6
Q
The normal Hct is..
A
45%
7
Q
The amount of blood circulating in the body is approximately..
A
5 liters
8
Q
Erythrocytes are biconcave which (1) means.. and (2) allows..
A
(1) Means: Disk-shape
(2) Allows: the RBCs to be flexible traveling throughout the capillaries/blood vessels
9
Q
RBCs contain..
A
1/3 hemoglobin
[Hemoglobin— Carries oxygen]
10
Q
When oxygen combines with hemoglobin, it forms..
A
Oxyhemoglobin
[Oxyhemoglobin— Gives blood its bright red color]
11
Q
Oxyhemoglobin—
A
Gives blood its bright red color
12
Q
When oxygen is released to the cell, _______ is darker in color
A
Deoxyhemoglobin
13
Q
Erythropoiesis
A
The formation of RBCs
[Poiesis: formation]
14
Q
RBCs production occurs in the..
A
Red bone marrow
[Hemopoiesis: Formation of blood]
15
Q
Hemopoiesis:
A
Formation of blood
16
Q
RBCs are produced from hematopoietic stem cells, aka…
A
Hemocytoblasts
17
Q
The average life-span of a RBC is
A
120 days
18
Q
When oxygen levels are low in the blood, what hormone is produced and by which organs?
A
Kidneys and liver will release erythropoietin
19
Q
Erythropoietin:
A
A hormone that RBCs utilize when oxygen levels are low to remain constant due to a negative feedback mechanism
- Targets red bone marrow to produce RBCs
20
Q
Polycythemia:
A
(Excessive ammount of red blood cells) causing blood to become viscous/thick
- Slow moving blood
21
Q
Dietary factors affecting RBC production:
A
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary for the reproduction of all body cells, especially in hemapoietic tissue
- A deficiency in red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin results in anemia, which reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
22
Q
Anemia..
A
A deficiency in red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin
(Reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood)
23
Q
Hemorrhagic anemia—
A
Hemorrhage [Rupture of blood]
24
Q
Hemolytic anemia—
A
Bacterial infections that react in the body and breakdown RBCs
25
Pernicious anemia—
Deficiency of B12 absorption
26
Aplastic anemia—
Destruction of bone marrow from radiation (Patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy)
27
Iron-deficiency anemia—
Malnourishment, menstruation, persistent bleeding ulcer
28
Sickle cell anemia —
Abnormal hemoglobin structure due to genetic defect (Shape of RBCs is biconcave, disk shaped)
29
Types of anemia:
- Hemorrhagic anemia— Hemorrhage [Rupture of blood]
- Hemolytic anemia— Bacterial infections that react in the body and breakdown RBCs
- Pernicious anemia— Deficiency of B12 absorption
- Aplastic anemia— Destruction of bone marrow from radiation (Patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy)
- Iron-deficiency anemia— Malnourishment, menstruation, persistent bleeding ulcer
- Sickle cell anemia — Abnormal hemoglobin structure due to genetic defect (Shape of RBCs is biconcave, disk shaped)
30
With age, red blood cells become increasingly fragile and are damaged by passing through..
Narrow capillaries (Because of the biconcave and disk-shaped RBCs)
31
Macrophages in the liver and spleen phagocytize..
Damaged RBCs
32
Hemoglobin from the decomposed RBCs is converted into..
Heme and globin
33
Heme is decomposed into (1)________ and the pigment (2)_______, which is coverted into (3)_________; both pigments are excreted in (4)______
1. Iron
2. Biliverdin
3. Bilirubin
4. Bile
34
Bilirubin is a pigment which is..
Yellow in color
35
The globin is broken down into..
Amino acids and reused
36
Most of iron is stored in the (1)________, but can recycle back to (2) _________ ________ _________ to synthesize new RBCs
1. Liver
2. Red bone marrow
37
Leukocytes (WBCs):
Defensive, immune cells that protect against infection
38
Leukocytosis—
(Excessive amount of WBCs) When infection occurs, causing an increase of WBCs to protect
- Leukemia— Blood cancer, Excessive amount of WBCs that are not mature and cannot perform their function of protection against infection
39
Leukemia—
Leukocytosis that cannot mature, Blood cancer) Excessive amount of WBCs that are not mature and cannot perform their function of protection against infection
40
Leukopenia—
(Low amount of WBCs) Occurs as a result of a variety of conditions, including AIDS, chickenpox, and influenza
41
Differential white blood cell count (DIFF)—
Shows the percentages of the 5 types of leukocytes in a blood sample
- See which WBCs are raised and what virus is there
- This helps diagnose an illness
42
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Fragments of megakaryocytes, which are large cells in the red bone marrow
43
Thrombopoietin—
A hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets
44
Hemostasis—
The stoppage of bleeding
45
Platelets live about..
10 days
46
Thrombocytosis—
High platelet count which is caused by infection or genetic defect
47
Thrombocytopenia—
(Low platelet count) which is caused by genetic condition, leukemia, radiation, certain pathogens, certain autoimmune diseases
48
Thrombocytopenia leads to..
Increased risk of internal bleeding due to no formation of clots to stop bleeding
49
Plasma is mostly water but contains a..
Variety of substances including proteins
50
The function of plasma is..
Transport nutrient and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, maintain an optimal pH
51
Plasma proteins:
Most abundant dissolved substances in the plasma
52
3 groups of plasma proteins:
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
- (1) Albumin— Keeps plasma inside blood vessels (Produced in liver)
- Excessive filtration of albumin in the urine will cause plasma to go out of the tissues, causing edema
- (2) Globulins
- (3) Fibrinogen— (One of the factors) to help to form clots
53
Circulating blood prevents clot formation in uninjured areas, by transporting excess..
thrombin away from these areas
[Thrombin: An enzyme in blood plasma which causes the clotting of blood]
54
Thrombus:
A clot that forms abnormally in a vessel
55
Embolus:
(Moving clot) Thrombus that dislodges and travels through the blood
- More dangerous because it can travel and block any area
56
Abnormal clots that travel through the blood can be very
Serious or fatal
57
Coronary thrombosis:
Clot in a vessel that supplies the heart
- [Thrombo: Clot]
58
Pulmonary embolism:
Traveling blood clot that blocks part of the lung
- [Pulmo: Lung]
- [Embolus: (Moving clot) Thrombus that dislodges and travels through the blood]
59
Infarction:
(Death of tissue) Clot that blocks blood flow and kills tissue supplied by that vessel; myocardial infarction is a heart attack
60
Atherosclerosis:
(Thickening of the wall due to the deposition of fat) Build up of fatty deposits in walls of arteries can sometimes lead to abnormal formation of clots
- [Athero: Fatty deposition]
- [Sclerosis: Thickening of the wall]
61
Blood type A (Antigen and antibody)
- Antigen: A
- Antibody: Anti-B
62
Blood type B (Antigen and antibody)
- Antigen: B
- Antibody: Anti-A
63
Blood type AB (Antigen and antibody)
- UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
- Antigen: A and B
- Antibody: Neither Anti-A nor Anti-B
64
Blood type O (Antigen and antibody)
- UNIVERSAL DONOR
- Antigen: Neither A not B
- Antibody: Both Anti-A and Anti-B
65
The Rh blood group was named after the..
Rhesus monkey
66
Most common antigen of the Rh Blood Group is..
Antigen D
67
If the Rh factor (antigen D) is present on a person’s red blood cells, the blood is..
Rh positive
68
If the Rh factor (antigen D) is absent on a person’s red blood cells absent, the blood is..
Rh negative
69
There are no corresponding antibodies in the plasma, unless a person with Rh negative blood had physical contact with Rh postive blood; the person will then develop..
Anti-Rh antibodies
70
There are 2 ways in which an Rh-negative individual can have contact with Rh-positive blood:
- (1) Transfusion
- (2) Pregnancy
71
If an Rh-negative woman carries an Rh-positive baby, she may be exposed to..
Rh-positive blood during delivery
72
If an Rh-negative woman carries an Rh-positive baby, she may be exposed to Rh-positive blood during delivery:
The mother will now have anti-Rh antibodies that could attack the blood of a future Rh-positive baby; This is called..
Erythroblastosis fetalis, or hemolytic disease of the fetus or newborn
[Hemolytic: Breakdown of blood]
73
A type of anti-Rh antibody that binds to and shields the fetus’ RBCs from the mother’s immune system is..
RhoGAM
