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Human Growth and Development > Ch. 1 Introduction to Human Development > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Introduction to Human Development Flashcards

0
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

The view that humans possess no innate tendencies and that all differences among humans are attributable to experience.

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1
Q

What is Human Development?

A

The scientific study of age-related changes in behavior, thinking, emotion, and personality.

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2
Q

What is the blank state?

A

A view which suggests that adults can mold children into whatever they want them to be.

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3
Q

What is innate goodness?

A

A view in which all human beings are naturally good and seek out experiences that help them grow.

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4
Q

What are norms?

A

Average ages at which developmental milestones are reached.

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5
Q

What is maturation?

A

The gradual unfolding of a genetically programmed sequential pattern of change.

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6
Q

What are norm-referenced tests?

A

Standardized tests that compare an individual child’s score to the average score of others her age.

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7
Q

What is the lifespan perspective?

A

The current view of developmentalists that important changes occur throughout the entire human lifespan and that these changes must be interpreted in terms of the culture and context in which they occur; thus, interdisciplinary research is critical to understanding human development.

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8
Q

What is Plasticity?

A

Individuals of all ages possess the capacity for positive change in response to environmental demands.

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9
Q

What is Interdisciplinary Research?

A

Research from different kinds of of disciplinary perspectives is needed to fully understand lifespan development.

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10
Q

What is the Multi-contextual Nature of Development?

A

Individual development occurs within several interrelated contexts.

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11
Q

What is Physical Domain?

A

Changes in the size, shape, and characteristics of the body.

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12
Q

What is the Cognitive Domain?

A

Changes in thinking, memory, problem solving, and other intellectual skills.

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13
Q

What is the Social Domain?

A

Change in variables that are associated with the relationship of an individual to others.

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14
Q

What is the Nature-Nurture Debate?

A

The debate about the relative contributions of biological processes and experiential factors to development.

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15
Q

What is Quantitative Change?

A

A change in amount.

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16
Q

What is Qualitative Change?

A

A change in kind or type.

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17
Q

What are Stages?

A

Qualitatively distinct periods of development.

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18
Q

What are Normative Age-Graded Changes?

A

Changes that are common to every member of a species.

19
Q

What is a Social Clock?

A

A set of age norms defining a sequence of life experiences that is considered normal in a given culture and that all individuals in that culture are expected to follow.

20
Q

What is Ageism?

A

A prejudicial view of older adults that characterizes them in negative ways.

21
Q

What are Normative History-Graded Changes?

A

Changes that occur in most members of a cohort as a result of factors at work during a specific, well-defined historical period.

22
Q

What are Normative Changes?

A

Changes that result from unique, unshared events.

23
Q

What is the Critical Period?

A

A specific period in development when an organism is especially sensitive to the presence (or absence) of some particular kind of experience.

24
Q

What is a Cohort?

A

A way to describe a group of individuals who are born within some fairly narrow span of years and thus share the same historical experiences at the same time in their lives.

25
Q

What is the Sensitive Period?

A

A span of months or years during which a child may be particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence.

26
Q

What is Atypical Development?

A

Development that deviates from the typical developmental pathway in a direction harmful to the individual.

27
Q

What is Naturalistic Observation?

A

The process of studying people in their normal environments.

28
Q

What is Case Study?

A

An in-depth examination of a single individual.

29
Q

What is Laboratory Observation?

A

Observation of behavior under controlled conditions.

30
Q

What is a Survey?

A

Data-collection method in which participants respond to questions.

31
Q

What is a Population?

A

The entire group that is of interest to a researcher.

32
Q

What is a Sample?

A

Subset of a group that is of interest to a researcher who participates in a study.

33
Q

What is a Representative Sample?

A

A sample that has the same characteristics as the population to which a study’s findings apply.

34
Q

What is a Correlation?

A

A relationship between two variables that can be expressed as a number ranging from -1.00 to +1.00.

35
Q

What is an Experiment?

A

A study that tests a causal hypothesis.

36
Q

What is an Experimental Group?

A

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment the experimenter thinks will produce a particular effect.

37
Q

What is a Control Group?

A

The group in an experiment that receives either no special treatment or a neutral treatment.

38
Q

What is an Independent Variable?

A

The presumed causal element in an experiment.

39
Q

What is a Dependent Variable?

A

The characteristic or behavior that is expected to be affected by the independent variable.

40
Q

What is Cross-Sectional Design?

A

A research design in which groups of people of different ages are compared.

41
Q

What is Longitudinal Design?

A

A research design in which people in a single group are studied at different times in their lives.

42
Q

What is Sequential Design?

A

A research design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal examinations of development.

43
Q

What are Cohort Effects?

A

Findings that are the result of historical factors to which one age group in a cross-sectional study has been exposed.

44
Q

What is Ethnography?

A

A detailed description of a single culture or context.

45
Q

What are Research Ethics?

A

The guidelines researchers follow to protect the rights of animals used in research and humans who participate in studies.

Human Growth and Development (7 decks)

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