Ch. 2 Theories of Development Flashcards

0
Q

What is ID?

A

In Freud’s theory, the part of the personality that comprises a person’s basic sexual and aggressive impulses; it contains the libido and motivates a person to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

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1
Q

What are Psychoanalytic Theories?

A

Theories proposing that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior.

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2
Q

What is Ego?

A

According to Freud, the thinking element of personality.

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3
Q

What is a Superego?

A

Freud’s term for the part of personality that is the moral judge.

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4
Q

What are Psychosexual Stages?

A

Freud’s five stages of personality development through which children move in a fixed sequence determined by maturation; the libido is centered in a different body part in each stage.

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5
Q

What are the Psychosocial Stages?

A

Erikson’s eight stages, or crises, of personality development in which inner instincts interact with outer cultural and social demands to shape personality.

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6
Q

What is Behaviorism?

A

The view that defines development in terms of behavior changes caused by environmental influences.

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7
Q

What are Learning Theories?

A

Theories asserting that developmental results from an accumulation of experiences.

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8
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

Learning that results from the association of stimuli.

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9
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Learning to repeat or stop behaviors because of their consequences.

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10
Q

What is Reinforcement?

A

Anything that follows a behavior and causes it to be repeated.

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11
Q

What is Punishment?

A

Anything that follows a behavior and causes it to stop.

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12
Q

What is Extinction?

A

The gradual elimination of a behavior through repeated nonreinforcement.

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13
Q

What is Observational Learning or Modeling?

A

Learning that results from seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behavior.

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14
Q

What is Positive Reinforcement?

A

A consequence usually involving something pleasant that follows a behavior and increases the chances that the behavior will occur again.

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15
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement?

A

Occurs when an individual learns to perform a specific behavior in order to cause something unpleasant to stop.

16
Q

What is Partial Reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement of a behavior on some occasions but not others.

17
Q

What are Cognitive Theories?

A

Theories that emphasize mental processes in development, such as logic and memory.

18
Q

What is a Scheme?

A

In Piaget’s theory, an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstnace.

19
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

The process of using a scheme to make sense of of an event or experience.

20
Q

What is Accomodation?

A

Changing a scheme as a result of some new information.

21
Q

What is Equilibration?

A

The process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the environment.

22
Q

What is the Sociocultural Theory?

A

Vgotsky’s view that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than in an individual’s private explorations.

23
Q

What is the Information-Processing Theory?

A

A theoretical perspective that uses the computer as a model to explain how the mind manages information.

24
Q

What is the Neo-Piagetian Theory?

A

An approach that uses information-processing principles to explain the developmental stages identified by Piaget.

25
Q

What is Behavioral Genetics?

A

The study of the role of heredity in individual differences.

26
Q

What is Ethology?

A

A perspective on development that emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved through natural selection.

27
Q

What is Sociobiology?

A

The study of society using the methods and concepts of biology; when used by developmentalists, an approach that emphasizes genes that aid group survival.

28
Q

What is the Bio ecological Theory?

A

Brofenbrenner’s theory that explains development in terms of relationships between individuals and their environments, or interconnected contexts.

29
Q

What is Electicism?

A

The use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and study human development.