ch 10

Question 1

bacteria is good for research bc

Answer 1

1. fast growth
2. small haploid genomes (mutations), excellent tools (plasmids), genetic info all coded the same way

Question 2

mutation

Answer 2

any change in DNA (spontaneous and induced), leads to genetic variation

Question 3

changes in DNA sequence are

Answer 3

spontaneous, mutagen, transposons, horizontal gene transfer

Question 4

auxotroph

Answer 4

cannot produce all building blocks needed for life

Question 5

prototroph

Answer 5

can make all building blocks for life

Question 6

how to find mutations

Answer 6

direct selection, enrichment methods, screening methods (replica plating)

Question 7

direct selection

Answer 7

picking something based on what it can do (antibiotic resistance)

Question 8

enrichment method

Answer 8

the use of certain growth media to favor the growth of a particular microorganism over others

Question 9

replica plating

Answer 9

the stamping one

Question 10

mobile elements are caused by

Answer 10

transposase

Question 10

mobile/ transposable elements, needs

Answer 10

move about the genome and inserts itself, disruptive, terminal inverted repeats

Question 11

mobile elements can carry

Answer 11

extra genes

Question 12

site directed mutagenesis

Answer 12

mutate a gene exactly how you want

Question 13

site directed mutagenesis steps

Answer 13

start with PCR and modded primer, introduce to strain of interest, recombination

Question 14

repair of mutation methods

Answer 14

photolyases, excision repair, recombinant repair, sos repair

Question 15

horizontal gene transfer types

Answer 15

transformation, conjugation, transduction

Question 16

vertical gene transfer

Answer 16

the passage of a plasmid from mother to daughter cells during division

Question 17

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 17

gene transfer in same generation

Question 18

transformation

Answer 18

DNA (naked) from the environment that is recombine with DNA, natural or artificial, needs competent cells

Question 19

transduction

Answer 19

DNA transacting particles transfer from bacteriophage,
generalized- any
specialized - specific

Question 20

conjugation

Answer 20

DNA transfer with contact, bn donor (plasmid) and plasmid, pop mating types,

Question 21

competent cells

Answer 21

alteration in the cell wall that make it permeable to large DNA molecules

Question 22

recA protein

Answer 22

transformation protein that helps with recombinant

Question 23

donor DNA from

Answer 23

dead cells, quorum sensing biofilms

Question 24

competent cell generation

Answer 24

chemical (calcium treatment and heat shock), eletroporation

Question 25

generalized transduction

Answer 25

all genes are equally likely to be transferred

Question 26

phage relipcation, lytic/ virulent

Answer 26

makes hella viral chromes, cell lysis, cell dies

Question 27

phage relipcation, temperate

Answer 27

inserted into host chromie (prophage), will jump out and lyse the cell when signaled to, death unnecessary

Question 28

lysogen at - site

Answer 28

ATT

Question 29

P22 bacteriophage

Answer 29

circular genome, can undergo rolling circle to replicate, infect salmonella, can get DNA recomb'd into genome

Question 30

-% of p22 progeny have host genome particles

Answer 30

2

Question 31

specialized transduction

Answer 31

transfer certain genes, due to excision errors in prophage (lysogenic to lytic) DNA,

Question 32

specialized transduction is found in - phages

Answer 32

temperate

Question 33

attB site

Answer 33

insertion of prophage

Question 34

specialized transduction gal x gal

Answer 34

when when prophage with gal gene insert itself into a host with the gal gene too, unstable

Question 35

specialized transduction gal x gal-

Answer 35

when when prophage with gal gene insert itself into a host without the gal gene too, gal is inherited and its it stable

Question 36

conjugation donor and recipient

Answer 36

can be diff species, bacteria and euk

Question 37

conjugative plasmid

Answer 37

carries genes for sex pili and transfer plasmid (f factor)

Question 38

dissimilation plasmid

Answer 38

encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds

Question 39

r factors

Answer 39

encode resistance encoding genes (to antibiotics, heavy metals, and toxins)

Question 40

Hfr f plasmid is located

Answer 40

in chromosome

Question 41

gram postive conjugation

Answer 41

no pili, via clumping and use secretion to transfer DNA

Question 42

e faecalis

Answer 42

gram pos conjugation

Question 43

crisper original use

Answer 43

prokaryotic response to bacteriophage, cuts up foreign DNA

Question 44

cas

Answer 44

cleaves foreign DNA

Question 45

CRISPERs

Answer 45

cleaved DNA within organized clusters "archive"

Question 46

palindromic are needed in crispr why

Answer 46

a group of enzymes recognize certain repeats, and break the DNA there to insert important information in the middle

Question 47

spacers

Answer 47

complementary sequence fo foreign DNA

Question 48

crispr other uses

Answer 48

downreg expression of genes, adaptive immunity, stress responses (repair), immunize bacteria, genetic engineering

Question 49

CRISPR is transcribed as

Answer 49

a long precursor RNA (pre- crRNA)

Question 50

CIRSPR can treat

Answer 50

sickle cell

Question 51

Genetic Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 51

-DNA exchange not prerequisite for reproduction in prokaryotes. - If DNA exchange occurs, only small section of DNA exchange in prokaryotes. - DNA exchange in prokaryotes lots - only one in Eukaryotes - Prokaryotes haploid bigger

Question 52

Phylogenetic analysis

Answer 52

Relatedness / Similarity of organisms

Question 53

Phylogenetic analysis used for

Answer 53

Tracking sources of epidemics –disease epidemiology – Changes in microbes over time