microbial planet

Question 1

microbe

Answer 1

free living organism so small that its visible under microscope

Question 2

microbe characteristics

Answer 2

Abundant, source of all life forms, diverse, grows everywhere there is water, transforms geosphere, essential to life and climate, cause disease, influence behavior

Question 3

human use of microbes

Answer 3

chemical activities for industrial stuff, engineering vaccines, enhancing food, evil intent, pcr

Question 4

small cell allows for

Answer 4

better chemical exchange (faster growth) due to better surface area to volume ratio

Question 5

small cell disadvantage

Answer 5

easy predation

Question 6

microbes time on earth

Answer 6

3.8 billion years

Question 7

how microbes contributes to a habitable planet

Answer 7

recycling elements, digest cellulose, food chain, nitrogen cycle, production of rocks

Question 8

Robert Hooke

Answer 8

(1665) discovered and named cell

Question 9

Anton van leeuwenhoek

Answer 9

(1673-1723) described/saw live organisms

Question 10

cell theory

Answer 10

all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, all cells come from cells

Question 11

spontaneous generation

Answer 11

(19th century) living organism come from nonliving matter via a life force. ex: moist soils will “grow” toads

Question 12

biogenesis

Answer 12

living organisms come from preexisting life

Question 13

Louis Pasteur

Answer 13

-(1861) disproved spontaneous generation with broth experiment
-yeast responsible for fermentation
- pasteurization
-made anthrax, rabbies, fowl cholera vaccines
- help develop germ theory

Question 14

fermentation

Answer 14

anaerobic conversation of sugar to alcohol

Question 15

pasteurization

Answer 15

Heat blast something briefly to kill bacteria and prevent spoilage

Question 16

germ theory of disease

Answer 16

Microorganisms cause disease and food spoilage

Question 17

Semmelweis

Answer 17

advocated hand washing to prevent disease (puerperal fever)

Question 18

Lister

Answer 18

used chemical disinfectants to prevent infections

Question 19

aseptic technique

Answer 19

prevents contamination

Question 20

koch proved

Answer 20

specific microbes cause specific diseases

Question 21

kochs postulates

Answer 21

1. suspected pathogen is present in all cases of a disease
2. the pathogen must be grown in a pure culture
3. cells from culture must infect a healthy animal
4. the pathogen can be reisolated and the the same as original

Question 22

first person credited with vaccination

Answer 22

Edward Jenner- first person to write it down- cowpox to protect from smallpox

Question 23

immunity

Answer 23

protection by vaccination or recovery

Question 24

Chemotherapy

Answer 24

chemicals for treatment

Question 25

synthetic drugs

Answer 25

"true" chemicals

Question 26

antibiotics

Answer 26

chemicals produced by organisms that inhibit or kill other microbes- hopefully more harmful to target than to the host

Question 27

first synthetic drug

Answer 27

Quinine- from tree bark to treat malaria

Question 28

Ehrlich

Answer 28

1910- developed synthetic arsenic drug (Salvarsan) to treat syphilis

Question 29

Fleming

Answer 29

(1928) discovered first antibiotics by accident, penicillin

Question 30

Sulfonamides

Answer 30

(1930) "sulfa drugs,” are a group of medicines used to treat bacterial infections

Question 31

pathogenic

Answer 31

disease causing

Question 32

human microbiota assist with

Answer 32

- maintain good health – prevent growth of pathogenic microbes – train the immune system to discriminate threats

Question 33

human microbiota

Answer 33

-group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body -40 billions cells

Question 34

Normal microbiota

Answer 34

collection of acquired microorganisms on/in a healthy human

Question 35

transient microbiota

Answer 35

colonize the superficial layers of the skin fleetingly

Question 36

prebiotics

Answer 36

feed the existing microbiome

Question 37

probiotics

Answer 37

add to microbiome

Question 38

3 domains of life

Answer 38

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 39

archaea characteristics

Answer 39

"cell wall", extreme bacteria, prokaryotic, non pathogenic, unicellular,DNA

Question 40

eukarya characteristics

Answer 40

membrane bound organelles, might have a cell wall, Ex. algae, fungi, protozoans, plants

Question 41

prions

Answer 41

misfolded protein, acellular, lack RNA and DNA

Question 42

virusis

Answer 42

acellular, RNA or DNA, enveloped or non enveloped, parasite

Question 43

bacteria features

Answer 43

unicellular, prokaryotes, DNA, cell wall (peptidoglycan), usally nonpathogenic, auto/heterotrophic, antibiotic susceptibility,

Question 44

protist

Answer 44

unicellular, eukaryotic, DNA, classified on locomotion methods, a/sexual reproduction, heterotrophic

Question 45

algae

Answer 45

photosynthetic, uni/multicell, eukaryotic, cellulose cell wall, some pathogenic, not infectious,

Question 46

fungi features

Answer 46

eukaryotic, heterotrophic, budding reproduction, **chitin cell wall**, uni/multcellular

Question 47

helminths

Answer 47

multicell parasites, eukaryotic, macroscopic, DNA, heterotrophic

Question 48

7 groups of microbes from smallest to largest

Answer 48

Virus (0.02 micrometers) Archea (0.1 micrometers) Algae (0.2 micrometers) Bacteria (0.5 micrometers) Protozoa (1 micrometers) Fungi (2 micrometers) Multicellular animal parasite

Question 49

salvarsan

Answer 49

synthetic arsenic drug, treated syphilis, Ehrlich