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chap 4 Flashcards

how microbes grow

1
Q

bacterial growth refers to

A

increase in population (not size)

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2
Q

direct counting and examples

A

count cells

with microscope, flow cytometer, spread plate, pour plate, filtration

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3
Q

viable direct counting methods

A

Spread plate and pour plate

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4
Q

indirect counting (mass or density)

A

weighing, spectrophotometry, genome amount

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5
Q

flow cytometer

A

fast, automated, living and dead cell sorter, total particle count,
analyzes: size, shape, topography, complexity, and sorts

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6
Q

serial dilution

A

used to create a plate with countable colonies, 30
and 300 colonies per plate, for viable direct counting

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7
Q

weighting cells reserved for

A

mold and filamentous bacteria

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8
Q

spectrophotometry

A

bacteria scatter light (more scattering, more bacteria)
measured in OD (optical density)

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9
Q

Spectrophotometry is used on - amounts of bacteria

A

large

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10
Q

4 bacteria phases of growth

A

lag, log/exponential, stationary, death

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11
Q

lag phase

A

bacteria get used to new environment, population undergoes metabolic activity

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12
Q

exponential phase

A

divides a shit ton

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13
Q

stationary

A

slowed growth rate, nutrients exhausted, death rate and growth rate balanced

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14
Q

death phase

A

deaths exceed growth

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15
Q

endospores

A

resting cells, stationary, highly resistant, made when nutrients are low, not reproduction

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16
Q

sporulation

A

endospore formation

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17
Q

Germination

A

spore returns to vegetative state

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18
Q

endospores produced by

A

bacteria
bacillus (yea idk) , clostridium (diff and botulism)

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19
Q

balanced growth

A

cell increases by the same proportion over any interval of time

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20
Q

chemostat

A

allows for log growth, used for long experiments, growth rate dependent of medium amount, cell density is constant

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21
Q

large scale industrial fermentation is done in

A

chemostat

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22
Q

the faster the cell grows,

A

the bigger the cell, more ribosomes, RNA, Protein, and DNA

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23
Q

Extremophiles condition examples

A

temperature, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, pH, oxygen, radiation

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24
Q

temperatures impact of microbial growth

A

membrane permeability and enzyme stability

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25
max growth temp
highest temp microbe will grow
26
protein stability (thermophiles)
charged amino acid on surface to be stable, has mechanisms to correct (chaperons and heat shock proteins)
27
DNA stability adaptions (thermophiles)
positive supercoiled DNA, high mg, more DNA binding proteins
28
membrane stability adaptions (thermo)
special lip membranes, isoprenoids, ether bonds, bi/monolayer
29
decimal reduction time/ d value
time that 90% of population is killed
30
low temperature shift effect on microbe
may be lethal
31
hydrostatic pressure
pressure caused by going deeper into the ocean
32
barotolerant
high pressure tolerance
33
piezophiles
need high pressure
34
peizophiles/baro mods
Unsaturated fatty acid, pressure resistant proteins, super negative supercoiled DNA
35
osmotic pressure
pressure to remove water from cell, salty, hypertonic
36
facultative halophiles
tolerates osmotic pressure, wants high salt concentration
37
obligate halophiles
need high osmotic pressure to grow like high salt, hypertonic
38
acidophiles
ph below 5 ex molds and yeast
39
alkalophiles
ph 8.5 to 11.5
40
buffers to maintain pH
phosphate salt, peptone, amino acids
41
Obligate aerobes
require oxygen
42
Facultative anaerobes
can use oxygen, will use anaerobic respiration when needed
43
microaerophile
aerobic, need less than oxygen than in air tho
44
superoxide dismutase (SOD)
converts superoxide radicals to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide
45
catalase
antioxidant enzyme, aerobic hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
46
clostridium perfringens
causes gas gangrene
47
obligate anaerobe can be pathogens
true
48
radiation damages cells by
cleaving bonds, abnormal bond formed, o2 radicals
49
radiation resistant adaptation
multiple chromosome copies, strong DNA repair system
50
gram negative cell division
envelope constriction at mid cell
51
gram positive cell division
divison spetum
52
binary cell division
protoplasm doubled and then the cell is split
53
FtsZ
introduced Z ring (partition)
54
FtsZ is used inwhat organisms
most prokaryotes, chloroplast, mitochondria
55
alternates to fission
budding, progeny cell generation, diameter increase and longitudinal divide
56
budding
uneven break for cellular divisions ex. yeast
57
progeny cells sticking
new cells generate, but don't split ex streptobacili
58
colony-forming unit
visible bacterial colonies on solid media
59
Turbidity
count bacteria by the clarity of the liquid, measures as optical density (form viable organisms)
60
Turbidity testing procedure
shine a light on test tube of microbes and measure the % of transmission
61
Turbidity faults
won't detect contaminants
62
plasmolysis
plasma shrinks and cell loses water in a hypertonic environments (salt or sugar)
63
microscope direct counting
requires dense cultures, cells/area (proportional to volume), counts living and dead cells
64
pour plate
microbe is melting into the medium and swirled
65
spread plate
microbe is introduced to medium and spread
66
flitration counting
for lakes and shit, water passed thru filter and then its cooked up, detects shit
67
Psychrophile
ideal growth temp is 5C
68
mesophille
ideal growth temp is 37C
69
hypertherophile
ideal growth at 80C +
70
food preservation red zone
20C-50C
71
what pressure is used to preserve food
osmotic (draws water out so bacteria cannot grow)
72
normal bacterial ph grow range
7.4-8
73
obligate anaerobes
oxygen bad
74
catalase and superoxide dismutase
enzymes that reduce toxic oxygen compounds
75
why could oxygen be toxic
strong asf reducing agent superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical: oxidizing agents that destroy cell components
76
binary cell division steps
The cell grows, DNA is copied during replication, The cell forms a new septum, splits

microbio (21 decks)

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