Ch. 10- Reproductive Behaviors

Question 1

The most effective way to stimulate sexual behavior in a female rodent is to inject her with

Answer 1

a combination of estradiol and progesterone

Question 2

According to rodent studies, testosterone exerts a major part of its effect on

Answer 2

the hypothalamus

Question 3

Natures default setting is to make every mammals external anatomy what

Answer 3

Female

Question 4

The most widely used in most effective birth control pill is one contains which hormone

Answer 4

Both estrogen and progesterone

Question 5

If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth it will

Answer 5

Still develop into a male

Question 6

And organizing affect differs from in activating affect of a hormone in that and organizing effect

Answer 6

produces more long-lasting effects

Question 7

Mullerian ducts are found in

Answer 7

female and male fetuses early in development

Question 8

The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is

Answer 8

larger in males than in females

Question 9

in castrated male rats, the medial preoptic area

Answer 9

has as much dopamine as normal rats, but the presence of a receptive female does not evoke much release of it

Question 10

Two major classes of sex hormones are

Answer 10

androgens and estrogens

Question 11

by blocking dopamine release, some antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels also

Answer 11

decrease sexual activity

Question 12

at what point in the menstrual cycle, if any, are women who are NOT on birth control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity

Answer 12

during the preiovulatory period

Question 13

hormones are most essential to which aspect of mammalian parental behavior

Answer 13

care for newborns during the first few days

Question 14

follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the

Answer 14

anterior pituitary

Question 15

which is true of androgens and estrogens

Answer 15

males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts

Question 16

What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a males

Answer 16

a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development

Question 17

Wolffian ducts are found in

Answer 17

female and male fetuses early in development

Question 18

Sildenafil (Viagra) works by

Answer 18

increasing release of nitric oxide in the hypothalamus and penis

Question 19

what hormone is released during orgasm and is apparently responsible for the calmness and lack of anxiety after orgasm

Answer 19

oxytocin

Question 20

which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones

Answer 20

whether an organism develops as male or female

Question 21

If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, at maturity her

Answer 21

pituitary and ovaries will produce steady levels of hormones instead of cyclic levels of hormones

Question 22

pregnant women often experience nausea because of the heightened activity of the ____ receptor

Answer 22

serotonin 3

Question 23

during the menstrual cycle, estradiol and progesterone levels increase and decrease under the influence of hormones released by which gland

Answer 23

pituitary

Question 24

one way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by ____

Answer 24

increasing the sensitivity of nerves in the pubic area

Question 25

in the middle of the menstrual cycle, an increased release of estradiol causes a

Answer 25

sudden surge in the release of luteinizing hormone

Question 26

in one study, women in the follicular phase, when the probability of becoming pregnant is greatest, preferred male faces that were

Answer 26

more masculine in appearance

Question 27

In normal female rats, release of dopamine in the medial preoptic area activity is primed by

Answer 27

estradiol

Question 28

a means of controlling sex offenders has involved reducing

Answer 28

testosterone levels

Question 29

steroid hormones produce their effects by

Answer 29

entering cells and affecting gene expression

Question 30

Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is

Answer 30

bound to alpha-fetoprotein

Question 31

Male sexual behavior depend heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance

Answer 31

dopamine

Question 32

Genetic males with testicular feminization androgen insensitivity developed looking and acting female this condition develops because of a genetic mutation that has which affect

Answer 32

It prevents testosterone from having as usual affects

Question 33

Which hormone is likely to be found more abundantly in females than males

Answer 33

Estrogens

Question 34

Dopamine stimulation of D2 receptors facilitates

Answer 34

Orgasm

Question 35

In comparison to activating effects organizing effects of hormones take place

Answer 35

Earlier in life and produce more long lasting affects

Question 36

Which of the following is unique to genetic males early in development

Answer 36

Mullerian inhibiting hormone

Question 37

How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures

Answer 37

Genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Mullerian structures

Question 38

What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male regardless of its chromosomes

Answer 38

Exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development

Question 39

what causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures

Answer 39

the sex region Y 9SRY) gene

Question 40

The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak

Answer 40

around the time of ovulation

Question 41

Which hormone is likely to be found more abundantly in males than in females

Answer 41

androgens

Question 42

the sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the

Answer 42

anterior hypothalamus

Question 43

Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by

Answer 43

interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary

Question 44

The hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is

Answer 44

progesterone

Question 45

A woman hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual cycle

Answer 45

ovaries

Question 46

what determines whether a mammal develops male or female external genitals

Answer 46

the amount of testosterone during prenatal development

Question 47

One important difference between organizing effects and activating effects of hormones is that activating effects

Answer 47

are shorter term

Question 48

many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden

Answer 48

surge of prolactin and oxytocin

Question 49

which of the following best illustrates the organizing effects of sex hormones

Answer 49

masculinization of the brain

Question 50

the estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes not feminizes its development because it

Answer 50

is prevented from entering developing cells

Question 51

decreases in ____ levels generally decrease male sexual activity

Answer 51

testosterone

Question 52

the interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus is known to be more than

Answer 52

twice as large in heterosexual men as in women

Question 53

what measureable differences are apparently related to homosexual versus heterosexual orientation in adult men

Answer 53

the size of certain parts of their hypothalamus

Question 54

what is one current recommendation for raising children who have intersex conditions

Answer 54

identify the child as male or female based mainly on the predominant external appearance

Question 55

of the various hypotheses based on hormone levels, which is the most plausible explanation for male homosexuality

Answer 55

prenatal testosterone levels were low during some sensitive period

Question 56

if a female rat is exposed to highly stressful experiences late in pregnancy, what happens to the sexual development of her offspring

Answer 56

the genetic males become responsive to male partners

Question 57

a true hermaphrodite is someone who

Answer 57

has both testicular and ovarian tissue

Question 58

gender identity can be defined as

Answer 58

the sex one identifies with and calls oneself

Question 59

which circumstance will be most likely to cause a genetic male to develop a mostly feminine anatomy

Answer 59

a condition that prevents androgens from exerting their effects

Question 60

when examining the data on sexual orientation of twins and other siblings, what seems to be the most reasonable conclusions

Answer 60

sexual orientation is determined by genetics as well as other factors

Question 61

what would cause a genetic male to develop a partly masculinized anatomy

Answer 61

exposure to more than the usual amount of testosterone during an early sensitive period

Question 62

at this point, the conclusions of studies on the evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior suggest that these behaviors are

Answer 62

lacking the scientific studies to allow us to draw a conclusion about them

Question 63

a hermaphrodite is an individual

Answer 63

whose gentian anatomy is intermediate between male and female

Question 64

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs because the adrenal gland releases

Answer 64

too little cortisol

Question 65

what were the findings of a study of CAH girls in adolescence

Answer 65

they read more sports magazines than the average for other teenage girls

Question 66

some studies have linked male homosexuality to having a greater number of

Answer 66

older brothers

Question 67

which characteristic tends to be more important for women than men in choosing a mate

Answer 67

earning potential

Question 68

one objection to the use of the one-mate strategy in women is that

Answer 68

in some cases, having multiple sex partners can result in more offspring

Question 69

certain individuals with an XY chromosome pattern have the genital appearance of a female. This condition is known as

Answer 69

androgen insensitivity

Question 70

what conclusion can be drawn from the unusual gender identity cases from the Dominican Republic

Answer 70

Early childrearing experiences are not the sole determinant of gender identity

Question 71

a more recent study on differences in the INAH3 suggests that compared to here sexual men, homosexual men have

Answer 71

smaller INAH3 neurons, but a comparable number

Question 72

sex differences are to _____ as gender differences are to

Answer 72

anatomy, behaviors