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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons communicate with each other using both ____ and ____.

A

action potential; neurotransmitters

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2
Q

Dr. Sherrington was able to demonstrate the concept of a synapse by studying ____.

A

reflexes

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3
Q

Repeated stimuli can have a cumulative effect and can produce a nerve impulse when a single stimuli is too weak as a result of ____.

A

temporal summation

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4
Q

Sherrington demonstrated that spinach cord interneurons could produce an excitatory message (called an _____) or an inhibitory message (called an ____) within the muscles.

A

EPSP; IPSP

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5
Q

Based on his work with frog hearts, Dr. Loewi concluded that nerves send messages by ____.

A

releasing chemicals

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored in ____ at the end of axons until they are released into ____.

A

the vesicles; the synapse

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7
Q

Which of the following is a monoamine neurotransmitter?

A

dopamine

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8
Q

____ receptors function when a neurotransmitter attaches to the receptor and immediately opens ion channels

A

inotropic

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9
Q

Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase into ____

A

acetate and choline

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10
Q

Dr. West has diabetes. As such, she needs to take the hormone ____ since her ____ does not produce enough of its own.

A

insulin; pancreas

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11
Q

What is a synapse

A

the space between sending and receiving neurons

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12
Q

What is an example of a modified amino acid?

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

where is acetylcholine synthesized and abundantly found?

A

synthesized from choline and found in milk, eggs and peanuts

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14
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase do?

A

breaks acetylcholine into two parts; acetate and choline

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15
Q

what happens to acetylcholine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?

A

the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks it into smaller molecules; acetate and choline, when are then reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminals

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16
Q

Many chemicals are used as neurotransmitters most of which are what or derived from where?

A

Amino acids

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17
Q

How do amphetamine and cocaine influence synapses?

A

They block reuptake of released dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

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18
Q

What is anandamide

A

a reverse transmitter

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19
Q

what hormones are synthesized in the anterior pituitary

A

TSH, Luteinizing hormone, FSH, ACTH, Prolactin, Growth hormone

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20
Q

what are autoreceptors

A

receptors that respond to released transmitter by inhibiting further synthesis and release

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21
Q

how do cannabinoids affect neurons?

A

attach to receptors on the presynaptic neurons, where they inhibit further release of both glutamate and GABA

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22
Q

In what way do cannabinoids differ from other drugs that affect the nervous system?

A

they act on the presynaptic neuron

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23
Q

what are catecholamines

A

contain a catechol group and an amine group

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24
Q

name the three catecholamine neurotransmitters

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

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25
what happens to serotonin and catecholamine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?
most serotonin and catecholamine molecules are reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal. Some of their molecules are broken down into inactive chemicals, which they diffuse away.
26
what does cocaine do to the neurotransmitters
blocks reuptake of dopamine and several other transmitters
27
what happens when stimulant drugs increase the accumulation of dopamine in the synaptic cleft?
COMT breaks down the excess dopamine faster than the presynaptic cell can replace it
28
what does COMT stand for?
catechol-o-methyltransferase
29
What is EPSP?
excitatory postsynaptic potential and is a grade depolarization
30
what ion gates in the membrane open during an EPSP?
Sodium gates open
31
What is the relationship between EPSP and action potentials
EPSPs increase the frequency of action potentials
32
what is exocytosis
bursts of release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron
33
what is a gap junction?
at an electrical synapse where the membrane of one neuron comes into direct contact with the membrane of another neuron
34
what is the result of a G protein
an increased concentration of a second messenger
35
what is a G protein
a protein that is coupled to a guanosine triphosphate, an energy-storing molecule
36
Which neurotransmitters are gases
NO (nitric oxide), maybe others
37
what do hallucinogenic drugs resemble
serotonin
38
what is a hormone
a chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and covered by the blood to influence the other cells
39
what is an IPSP
a temporary hyper polarization of a membrane
40
what is the relationship between IPSP and action potentials
IPSPs decrease the frequency of action potentials
41
in the membrane of a neuron, what happens during an IPSP
the potassium or chloride gates open
42
what is an inotropic effect
synaptic effects that depend on the rapid opening of some kind of gate in the membrane
43
what do inotropic effects depend on
glutamate or GABA
44
are inotropic effects fast or slow
they are fast and brief
45
what are ligand-gated channels
channels that open when a neurotransmitter attaches
46
what does MAO mean
monoamine oxidase
47
what happens when you block MAO
you increase the brains supply of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
48
What does MAO do in the brain
it covers catecholamine transmitters into inactive chemicals
49
what is a metabotropic effect
a sequence of metabolic reactions that produce slow and long lasting effects at the synapse
50
what is methylphenidate
stimulant drug prescribed for ADHD that increases the stimulation of dopamine synapses by blocking the reuptake of dopamine by the presynaptic neuron
51
what are monoamines
chemicals formed by a change in certain amino acids
52
what are some examples of monoamines
indoleamines: serotonin catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
53
what is a neuromodulator
chains of amino acids
54
what are neuropeptides
chains of amino acids
55
what are some examples of neuropeptides
endorphins, substance P, neuropeptide Y, many others
56
what is required for neuropeptide release
repeated stimulation
57
what diffuses widely, slowly affecting many neurons in their region of the brain
neuropeptides
58
what is important for hunger, thirst, and other long term changes in behavior and experience
neuropeptides
59
what are neurotransmitters
chemicals released by neurons that affect other neurons
60
what is nicotine
a stimulant drug that stimulates certain acetylcholine receptors
61
what does nicotine increase
dopamine release
62
what is nitric oxide
a gas released by many small local neurons
63
what does nitric oxide do
dilates the nearby blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow to that brain area
64
what is oxytocin
a hormone released by posterior pituitary; important for sexual and parental behaviors
65
what does oxytocin do
uterine contractions, milk release, sexual pleasure
66
what are peptide hormones
hormones composed of short chains of amino acids
67
what do peptide hormones do
they attach to membrane receptors, where they activate a second messenger within the cell
68
What two hormones does the posterior pituitary release
vasopression and oxytocin
69
What is composed of neural tissue as opposed to glandular tissue
posterior pituitary
70
what is the posterior pituitary
portion of the pituitary gland, which releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus
71
what is a presynaptic neuron
neuron that delivers transmission to another neuron
72
what are protein hormones
hormones composed of long chains of amino acids
73
what two types of hormones are there
protein and peptide
74
what are the neurotransmitters that are purines
ATP, adenosine, maybe others
75
what are purines
a category of chemicals including adenosine and several of its derivatives
76
what is a reflex arc
a circuit form sensory neuron to muscle response
77
what are three properties of reflexes
1. slower than conduction 2. several weak stimuli produce stronger reflex than just one 3. one set of muscles gets excited another set relaxes
78
what are reflexes
automatic muscular responses to stimuli
79
what is a releasing hormone
a hormone released by the hypothalamus that flows through the blood to the anterior pituitary
80
what do releasing hormones do
they stimulate or inhibit the release of other hormones
81
what is reuptake
reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal
82
where does reuptake take place
through special membranes called transporters
83
What is a second messenger
a chemical that, when activated by a neurotransmitter, initiates
84
which type of synapse relies on second messengers
metabotropic synapse
85
what is spatial summation
combination of effects of activity from two or more synapses onto a single neuron
86
Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, several simultaneous pinches at nearby locations did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what
spatial summation
87
what is the difference between temporal and spatial summation
temporal summation is the combined effect of quickly repeated stimulation at a single synapse. Spatial summation is the combined effect of several nearby stimulation's at several synapses onto one neuron
88
what is spontaneous firing rate
a periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input
89
what is a synapse
a specialized gap as a point of communication between two neurons
90
what is temporal summation
a cumulative effect of repeated stimuli within a brief time
91
Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, a rapid sequence of pinches did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?
temporal summation
92
what are transmitter-gated channels
ion channel that opens temporarily when a neurotransmitter binds to it
93
what is a transporter
special membrane protein where reuptake occurs in the neurotransmitter binds to it

Physiological Psychology (15 decks)

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