Chapter 5 Flashcards by Candice Hopkins

After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away you see red which theory attempts to explain this finding

Opponent process theory

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The law of specific nerve energies states that

Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

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According to the law of specific nerve energies the brain tells the difference between one sensory modalities and another by

Which neurons are active

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Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina

The left half

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In comparison to the rods cones are more

Sensitive to detail

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Which statement characterizes the fovea

It has the greatest perception of detail

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Rods are to _____ as cones are too

The periphery the fovea

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Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ___ is the most common form of color vision deficiency

Red and green

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In the human Ratna messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to

Bipolar cells

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Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the

Pupil

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Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called

Photo pigments

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According to the retinex theory we perceive color by

Contrastingly activity in one area of the visual field that the others

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Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye

More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to eat ganglion cells

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At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best while at the level of the bipolar cells like the ____ theory seems to fit best

Trichromatic and opponent process

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In what order does visual information pass through the retina

Receptor cells bipolar cells ganglion cells

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Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the _____ theory of color vision

Retinex

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In comparison to the rods are

More sensitive to dim light

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According to the trichromatic theory the most important factor in determining the color we see is the

Relative activity short medium and long wavelength

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Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color

cones

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Which statement is true with regard to peripheral vision

It is easier to recognize single object in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects

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The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the

Blindspot

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The optic nerve composed of axons from which kind of cells

Ganglion cells

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Why does the fovea provide the clear move detail visual information

It has tightly packed receptors

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Bipolar cells send their messages to ____ which are located close to the center of the eye

Ganglion cells

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The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to

Long and medium wavelength cones making the same photopigment

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision

Our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones

____modify the______ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light

Opsins and photopigments

Our chemicals that release energy when struck by light

Photo pigments

Color constancy is the ability to

Recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

What is responsible for sharpening contrast and visual borders

Lateral inhibition

Cortical area____ appears to be with conscious visual perception occurs

What type of cell response to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field regardless of the exact location of the stimulus

Complex

What is one way to determine whether a given sale in the primary visual cortex is simple or complex

Whether it can respond equally two lines in more than one location

Horizontal sales receive their input _____ from and they send out put two

Rods and cones bipolar cells

What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex respond

Bar in a particular orientation

The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to

Magnocellular neurons in the periphery

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain

Lateral geniculate and superior colliculus

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the

thalamus

Infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair

As early as possible

In the visual system the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back-and-forth

thalamus and cortex

In the vertebrate retina which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition

Horizontal cells

The primary visual cortex since it's information

To area V2

Respond to a particular feature of a stimulus

Feature detectors

V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing

Repeating stripes on the flag

Blind sight refers to

The ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field

_____ cells axons make up the optic nerve

Ganglion

Being able to detect fine detail of the color painting with depend most on which type of ganglion cells

Parvocellular

Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from

Bipolar cells that receive input from cones

What is strabismus

A failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time

What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts

Trouble describing the shapes of objects

Which cell respond most strongly to a stimulus leaving perpendicular to its axis

Complex

Astigmatism refers to the

Asymmetric curvature of the eyes

The primary visual cortex is also known as

Striate cortex

Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex

Occipital lobe

The receptive field of a receptor is the

Point in space from which light strikes the receptor

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chasm would result in blindness in

The left eye

The optic nerves from the right and left I initially meet at the

Optic chiasm

The ____ of any neural system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it

Receptive field

In foveal vision

Each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone

Where does the optic nerve send most of it information

To the lateral geniculate

In depth perception different views are received each depending on the distance of the object being viewed what is this called

Retinal disparity

The one additional feature that hyper complex cells have complex cells do not is that hyper complex cells

Have a strong between area and one in its receptive field

The primary visual cortex is also known as the

striate cortex

a person with visual agnosia is unable to

recognize visual objects

once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to

movement

Color constancy is the ability to

recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

According to the trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors. True or false

false

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition

horizontal cells

Light energy convert 11-cis-retinal to

all-trans-retinal

Astigmatism refers to the

asymmetric curvature of eyes

Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____-

rods and cones, bipolar cells

At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best

trichromatic, opponent process

V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing

repeating stripes on a flag

Rods are to ____ as cones are to

the periphery, the fovea

As a human, Lino is really good at detecting motion,. This is because of his

no cones in the periphery

As a human, Lino is really good at detecting motion,. This is because of his

no cones in the periphery

What type of cells responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?

Complex

Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?

inferior temporal cortex

Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it

may return to the primary visual cortex

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the

left eye

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for

integrating vision with action

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell

Ganglion cells

To see something with her best vision, Lore turned to look directly at it. This was so she could use her foveal vision. True or false

True

In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages

to bipolar cells within the retina