Ch 11

Question 1

Stress

Answer 1

is a person’s response to events that are threatening or challenging.

Question 2

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Answer 2

study of the
relationship among psychological factors, the immune system,
and the brain.

Question 3

Cataclysmic events

Answer 3

are strong stressors that
occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously. (ex. tornadoes)

Question 4

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Answer 4

phenomenon
where victims of major catastrophes or strong personal
stressors feel long-lasting effects that may include the re-experience of the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams.

Question 5

Uplifts

Answer 5

are minor positive
events that make one feel good.

Question 6

Exhaustion stage:

Answer 6

a person’s ability to adapt to the stressor declines to the point where negative consequences of stress appear (ex. Illness).

Question 7

Stress produces indirect consequences that result in declines in health:

Answer 7

reduction in the likelihood of
obtaining health care and decreased compliance with medical advice when it is sought.

Question 8

Emotion-focused coping:

Answer 8

People try to manage their emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem.

Ex. Positive thinking, relaxing activities such as meditation, yoga, and breathing exercises.

Question 9

Hardiness

Answer 9

is a personality characteristic that is associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness and consists of three components:

1. Commitment
2. Challenge
3. Control

Question 10

Social support

Answer 10

is the knowledge that we are part of a mutual network of caring, interested others.

Question 11

Positive Psychology says we need PERMA

Answer 11

• Pleasure
• Engagement
• Relationships
• Meaning
• Accomplishment

Question 12

Health psychology

Answer 12

branch of psychology that investigates
the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including
the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems.

Question 13

Personal stressors

Answer 13

are major life events that
produce an immediate major reaction that usually soon tapers off (ex. death)

Question 14

Background stressors (“daily hassles”)

Answer 14

are everyday annoyances that cause minor irritations and may have long-term ill effects if they continue or are compounded by other stressful events. (ex. traffic)

Question 15

Psychophysiological disorders

Answer 15

are an entire class of physical problems known as often result from or are worsened by stress

Question 16

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 16

is a theory developed by
Hans Selye that suggests that a person’s response to a stressor consists of three stages:
1. alarm and mobilization,
2. resistance,
3. and exhaustion.

Question 17

Alarm and mobilization stage:

Answer 17

occurs when people become aware of the presence of a stressor.

On a biological level, the sympathetic nervous system becomes energized, helping to cope initially with the stressor.

Question 18

Resistance stage

Answer 18

people prepare themselves to fight the stressor.

People use a variety of means to cope with the stressor—sometimes successfully—but at a cost of some degree of physical or
psychological general well-being.

Question 19

Stress has direct physiological results

Answer 19

increase in blood pressure, increased hormonal
activity, and an overall decline in the functioning of the immune system.

Question 20

Stress leads people to engage in behaviour that is harmful to their health

Answer 20

nicotine, drug, and alcohol use, poor eating habits, and decreased sleep.

Question 21

Coping

Answer 21

is the efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress.

Question 22

Problem-focused coping:

Answer 22

Attempts to modify the stressful problem or source of stress (often the most effective method of coping).

Problem-focused strategies lead to changes in behaviour or to the development of a plan of
action to deal with stress.

Question 23

One of the least effective forms of coping is

Answer 23

avoidant coping

Question 24

Another way of dealing badly with stress occurs unconsciously through the use of

Answer 24

defence mechanisms

Question 25

Commitment

(The Hardy Personality)

Answer 25

A tendency to throw ourselves into whatever we are doing with a sense that our activities are important and meaningful.

Question 26

Challenge

(The Hardy Personality)

Answer 26

Hardy people believe that change, rather than stability, is the standard condition of life

(To them, the anticipation of change serves as an incentive rather than a
threat to their security).

Question 27

Control

(The Hardy Personality)

Answer 27

Hardiness is marked by a sense of control—the perception that people can
influence the events in their lives.

Question 28

Hardy individuals approach stress in an optimistic manner

Answer 28

and take direct action to
learn about and deal with stressors, thereby changing stressful events into less
threatening ones.

Question 29

Resilience

Answer 29

is the ability to withstand, overcome, and thrive after profound adversity.

Question 30

Positive psychology:

Answer 30

the view which seeks to optimize individuals’ psychological and life experience.

Question 31

When Indigenous Peoples are faced with stress and hardships

Answer 31

individuals relied on their beliefs, values, and
practices as a source of strength, and the cumulative strategies of resilience gained
throughout generations are shared and passed on through stories and oral traditions.

Question 32

Cultural resilience has been found

Answer 32

to be important in mitigating the effects of stress.

Question 33

Reactance

Answer 33

is a negative emotional and cognitive reaction that result from the restriction of one’s freedom and that can be associated with medical regimens.

Question 34

Creative nonadherence:

Answer 34

A practice in which patients adjust a
treatment prescribed by a physician, relying on their own medical judgment and experience.

Question 35

Positively framed messages

Answer 35

suggest that a change in behaviour will lead to a gain.

Question 36

Negatively framed messages

Answer 36

highlight what you can lose by not performing a behaviour.

Question 37

Subjective well-being

Answer 37

is people’s own evaluation
of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and
their emotions.

Question 38

Happy people

Answer 38

high self-esteem
firm sense of control.
are optimistic
like to be around other people.