Ch 11 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Consists of brain and spinal cord:
A
CNS
2
Q
What 4 things does the brain consist of?
A
2 cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
3
Q
Connects the brain to the spinal cord:
A
brainstem
4
Q
Membranes that protect brain and spinal cord; lie between bone and soft tissues of nervous system:
A
meninges
5
Q
- Outer layer
- Tough, dense connective tissue
- Dural sinuses
- Epidural space
A
dura mater
6
Q
- Middle layer; weblike
- Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
arachnoid mater
7
Q
- Inner layer; attached to surface of brain, spinal cord
- Blood vessels & nerves
- Nourishes CNS
A
pia mater
8
Q
CSF is produced in 4 what?
A
ventricles
9
Q
Interconnected cavities within cerebral hemispheres and brain stem:
A
ventricles
10
Q
What are the 4 ventricles?
A
2 lateral ventricles (first and second), third, fourth
11
Q
Cerebralspinal fluid is secreted by what?
A
choroid plexuses
12
Q
Cerebralspinal fluid is ________ and _______.
A
nutritive and protective
13
Q
What does cerebralspinal fluid help maintain?
A
stable ionic concentrations
14
Q
Result of mechanical force such as fall, attack, accident, sports injury:
A
TBI
15
Q
A mild TBI; typically results from a one-time injury and has no lasting symptoms:
A
concussion
16
Q
Sports-related, mild repetitive TBI; results from many small injuries over time; symptoms begin years later and have long-lasting effects on memory and behavior:
A
CTE
17
Q
Severe TBI, resulting from explosions in combat situations; often leads to cognitive decline years after injury:
A
blast-related brain injury
18
Q
- Stroke
- Sudden interruption in blood flow
- Brain tissue die
- Transient ischemic attack is a brief interruption of blood flow to brain
A
cerebrovascular accident
19
Q
- Motor impairment at birth
- Caused by blocked cerebral blood vessels during development
- Seizures
- Learning disabilities
A
cerebral palsy
20
Q
What are the 4 main portions of the brain?
A
- cerebrum
- diencephalon
- cerebellum
- brainstem
21
Q
What is the largest part of the brain?
A
cerebrum
22
Q
What is the cerebral hemisphere separated by?
A
fall cerebri
23
Q
What connects the cerebral hemisphere?
A
corpus callosum
24
Q
Ridges or convolutions:
A
gyri
25
Shallow grooves in surface; central sulcus:
sulci
26
Deep grooves in surface:
fissure
27
Separates the cerebral hemisphere:
longitudinal fissure
28
Separates cerebrum from cerebellum:
transverse fissure
29
Thin layer of gray mater, which makes up outermost layer of the cerebrum:
cerebral cortex
30
What contains almost 75% of neuron cell bodies in nervous system?
cerebral cortex
31
What lies under the cerebral cortex and makes up most the cerebrum?
white mater of cerebrum
32
Contains bundles of myelinated axons that connect neuron cell bodies in cerebral cortex to other portions of nervous system:
white mater of cerebrum
33
Cerebral cortex is responsible for:
higher mental functions
34
The cerebral cortex can be divided into:
sensory, association, and motor areas
35
(sensory areas of the cortex)
- Parietal lob
- Interprets sensations on skin
cutaneous sensory area
36
(sensory areas of the cortex)
- Temporal/parietal lob
- Usually left hemisphere
- Understanding and formulating language
sensory speech area
37
(sensory areas of the cortex)
- Occipital lobe
- Interprets vision
visual area
38
(sensory areas of the cortex)
- Temporal lobe
- Interprets hearing
auditory area
39
(sensory areas of the cortex)
- Near base of the central sulcus
- Includes part of insula
taste
40
(sensory areas of the cortex)
| -Arises from centers deep within temporal lobes
smell
41
- Regions that are not primarily motor or sensory
- Connect to each other and to other structures in brain
- Widespread throughout the cerebral cortex
- Analyze and interpret sensory experiences
- Provide memory, judgement, emotions
association areas of the cortex
42
(association areas)
- Concentrating
- Planning
- Complex problem solving
- Emotional behavior, judging consequences of behavior
frontal lobe
43
(association areas)
- Understanding speech
- Choosing words to express thoughts and feelings
parietal lobe
44
(association areas)
| -Interpret complex sensory experiences (understanding speech, reading)
temporal lobe
45
(association areas)
| -Analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences
occipital lobe
46
(association areas)
| -Translating sensory information into proper emotional responses
insula
47
(motor areas of the cortex)
- Frontal lobe
- Controls voluntary muscles
- Most nerve fibers cross over brainstem
primary motor area
48
(motor areas of the cortex)
- Anterior to primary motor
- Usually in left hemisphere
- Controls muscles needed for speech
Broca's area
49
(motor areas of the cortex)
- Above Broca's area
- Controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids
Frontal eye field
50
What is the dominant hemisphere in most people?
left
51
(hemisphere dominance)
- Language skills of speech, writing reading
- Verbal, analytical, computational skills
dominant hemisphere
52
(hemisphere dominance) -Nonverbal taks
- Motor tasks
- Understanding and interpreting musical and visual patterns
- Provides emotional and intuitive thought processes
nondominant hemisphere
53
(memory)
- Neurons connected in a circuit
- Circuit is stimulated over and over
- When impulse flow ceases, memory does also unless it enters long-term memory via memory consolidation
short-term (working) memory
54
(memory)
- Holds more memory than short-term, lass a lifetime
- Changes structure or function of neurons
- Enhances synaptic transmission
long-term memory
55
- Masses of gray mater deep within cerebral hemisphere
- Consist of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallidus
- Produce dopamine
- Help control voluntary movement
basla nuclei
56
This is when less dopamine reaches basal nuclei, which leads to motor problems, tremors, speech difficulties, etc.:
parkinson disease
57
- Between cerebral hemispheres and above brainstem
| - Surrounds third ventricle
diencephalon
58
(diencephalon)
- Gateway for sensory impulses ascending to cerebral cortex
- Receives all sensory impulses (except smell)
- Channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation
thalamus
59
(diencephalon)
- Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities, such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, etc.
- Links nervous and endocrine system
hypothalamus
60
(diencephalon)
- Consists of several structures in various parts of the brain, including diencephalon
- Controls emotional responses
- Reacts to potentially life-threatening upsets
limbic system
61
- Between diencephalon and pons
| - Contains bundles of fibers
midbrain
62
- Rounded bulge
- Between midbrain and medulla oblongata
- Relays neve impulses between medulla oblongata and cerebrum
- Relays impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum
- Helps regulate rhythm of breathing
pons
63
- Enlarged continuation of spinal cord
- Conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal cord
- Contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers
- Contains various nonmetal reflex control centers like sneezing, coughing, etc.
- Injuries are often fatal
medulla oblongata
64
- Complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout brain stem
- Extends in the diencephalon
- Connects to centers of hypothalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum, and cerebrum with ascending and descending tracts
- Filters incoming sensory info
- Arouses cerebral cortex into state of wakefulness
- Decreased activity causes sleep
reticular formation
65
(types of sleep)
- Slow wave sleep
- Person is tired
- Decreasing activity of reticular formation
- Restful and dreamless
- Reduced blood pressure and respiratory rate
- 3 stages, ranging from light to heavy
- Alternates with REM sleep
non-rapid eye movement sleep
66
(types of sleep)
- Paradoxical sleep (some areas of brain are active for breathing)
- Heart and respiratory rates irregular
- Dreaming occurs
rapid eye movement sleep
67
- Two hemispheres separated by fall cerebelli
- Integrates sensory info concerning positions of body parts
- Coordinates skeletal muscle activity
- Maintains posture
Cerebellum
68
What connects the hemispheres of the cerebellum?
vermis
69
(brain waves)
| Awake, resting, eyes closed:
alpha
70
(brain waves)
| Active mental activity, under tension:
beta
71
(brain waves)
| Mostly in children:
theta
72
(brain waves)
| Mainly during sleep:
delta
73
- Slender column of nervous tissue continuous with brain and brainstem
- Extends downward through vertebral canal
- Begins at the foramen magnum and terminates at the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1-L2) space
- Consists of 31 segments; each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves
spinal cord
74
- Center for spinal reflexes
| - Conduit (pathway) for impulses to and from the brain
2 main functions of spinal cord
75
Autonomic subconscious response to stimuli within or outside the body:
reflex
76
Neural pathway, consisting of a sensory receptor, 2 or more neurons, and an effector:
reflex arc
77
- Consists of 2 neurons: sensory and motor; 1 synapse in spinal cord
- Example of a stretch reflex: the knee-jerk reflex
- Helps maintain an upright posture
monosynaptic reflex
78
-Occurs when person touches or steps on something painful
withdrawal reflex
79
- During withdrawal reflex, flexors on affected side contract, and extensors are inhibited
- Shifts body weight, so person remains upright
crossed extensor reflex
80
Conducts sensory impulses to brain:
ascending tracts
81
Conducts motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands:
descending tracts
82
Injury to ascending tracts can result in:
loss of sensation
83
Injury to descending tracts can result in:
loss of motor function, paralysis
84
Consists of nerves that connect CNS to other body parts:
PNS
85
(PNS)
| Arising from the brain:
cranial nerves
86
(PNS)
| Arising from spinal cord:
spinal nerves
87
(PNS)
| Cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles (conscious activity):
somatic nervous system
88
(PNS)
| Cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS to viscera (subconscious activities):
autonomic nervous system
89
Bundles of axons:
nerves
90
Cover neurons:
endoneurium
91
Covers fascicles:
perineurium
92
Covers nerve:
epineurium
93
-Conduct impulses into brain or spinal cord
sensory nerves
94
-Conduct impulses to muscles or glands
motor nerves
95
- Contains both sensory and motor nerve fibers
- Most are this kind of nerve
- All spinal nerves are this nerve
mixed nerves
96
- Most of these are mixed nerves
- Some are sensory, associated with special senses
- Some are primarily motor, innervate muscles or glands
- Most are attached to the brainstem
cranial nerves
97
Formed by descending roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves:
cauda equina
98
Sensory root:
dorsal root
99
Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons:
dorsal root ganglion
100
- Motor root
| - Axons of motor neurons whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord
ventral root
101
-Union of ventral root and dorsal roots
spinal nerve
102
(nerve plexuses)
- Complex network formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves
- Not in T2 through T12
- Fibers of various spinal nerves are sorted and recombined, so all fibers heading to same peripheral body part reach it in the same nerve
nerve plexus
103
(nerve plexuses)
- Formed by ventral rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves
- Lies deep in the neck
- Supply muscles and skin of the neck
- C3-C4-C5 nerve roots contribute to phrenic nerves, which transmit motor impulses to the diaphragm
cervical plexus
104
(nerve plexuses)
- Formed by ventral branches C5-T1
- Lies deep within shoulders
brachial plexus
105
(nerve plexuses)
- Formed by anterior branches L1-S4
- Extends from lumbar region into pelvic cavity
lumbosacral plexus
106
(brachial plexus)
| -Supply muscles of anterior arms and skin of forearms
musculocutaneous nerve
107
(brachial plexus)
| -Supply muscles of forearms and hands, skin of hands
ulnar and median nerves
108
(brachial plexus)
| -Supply posterior muscles of arms and skin of forearms and hands
radial nerve
109
(brachial plexus)
| -Supply muscles and skin of anterior, lateral, and posterior arm
axillary nerve
110
(lumbosacral plexus)
| -Supply motor impulses to adductors of thighs
obturator nerve
111
(lumbosacral plexus)
| -Supply motor impulses to muscles of anterior thigh and sensory impulses from skin of thighs and legs
femoral nerve
112
(lumbosacral plexus)
| -Supply muscles and skin of thighs, legs and feet; largest and longest nerve in body
sciatic nerve
113
The autonomic nervous system is part of which nervous system?
PNS
114
- Functions without conscious effort
- Helps maintain homeostasis
- Prepares body for exercise
autonomic nervous system
115
- Prepares body for 'fight or flight'; speeds body up
| - Most active under energy-requiring, stressful, emergency situations
sympathetic division
116
- Prepares body for 'resting and digesting' activities; slows body down
- Most active under resting, non-stressful conditions
parasympathetic division
