Lab Practical 1 (labs 2,4,5,6)

Question 1

The basis for communication in anatomy and physiology assumes:

a) the person is lying down
b) relative positions
c) anatomical position
d) the person is sleeping

Answer 1

c) anatomical position

Question 2

Which of the following is not a body cavity?

a) diaphragm
b) thoracic
c) cranial
d) abdominopelvic

Answer 2

a) diaphragm

Question 3

The pericardium is associated with the:

a) lung
b) intestine
c) liver
d) heart

Answer 3

d) heart

Question 4

The _________ plane divides the body into left and right sides.

a) frontal
b) cranial
c) sagittal
d) transverse

Answer 4

c) sagittal

Question 5

The abdominopelvic cavity can be subdivided into:

a) pleural cavities
b) pericardial cavities
c) quadrants
d) vertebral canals

Answer 5

c) quadrants

Question 6

The larynx is part of the _______ system.

a) urinary
b) respiratory
c) lymphatic
d) nervous

Answer 6

b) respiratory

Question 7

The epigastric region is a portion of the ________.

a) pelvic
b) pleural
c) vertebral
d) abdominal

Answer 7

d) abdominal

Question 8

What cavity is the following in? (abdominal, cranial, pelvic, thoracic, vertebral)

liver
lungs
spleen
stomach
brain
internal reproductive organs
urinary bladder
spinal cord
heart
small intestine

Answer 8

liver- abdominal cavity
lungs- thoracic cavity
spleen- thoracic cavity
stomach- abdominal cavity
brain- cranial cavity
internal reproductive organs- pelvic cavity
urinary bladder- pelvic cavity
spinal cord- vertebral cavity
heart- thoracic cavity
small intestine- abdominal cavity

Question 9

1. The main system that secretes hormones.
2. Provides an outer covering of the body for protection.
3. Produces gametes (eggs and sperm)
4. Stimulates muscles to contract and interpret info from sensory organs
5. Provides a framework and support for soft tissues and produces blood cells in red marrow
6. Exchanges gases between air and blood
7. Transports excess fluid from tissues to blood and produces immune cells
8. Involves contractions and creates most body heat
9. Removes liquid and wastes from blood and transports them to the outside of the body
10. Converts food molecules into forms that are absorbable
11. Transports nutrients, wastes, and gases throughout the body

Answer 9

1. endocrine
2. integumentary
3. reproductive
4. nervous
5. skeletal
6. respiratory
7. lymphatic
8. muscular
9. urinary
10. digestive
11. cardiovascular

Question 10

The human eye cannot perceive objects less than:

a) 1 inch
b) 1 millimeter
c) 0.1 millimeter
d) 1 centimeter

Answer 10

c) 0.1 millimeter

Question 11

The objective lenses of the compound light microscope are attached to the:

a) stage
b) base
c) body tube
d) rotating nosepiece

Answer 11

d) rotating nosepiece

Question 12

Which objective lens provides the least total magnification?

a) scan
b) low power
c) high power
d) oil immersion

Answer 12

a) scan

Question 13

The _______ increases or decreases the light intensity of the compound light microscope.

a) eyepiece
b) stage
c) adjustment knob
d) iris diaphragm

Answer 13

d) iris diaphragm

Question 14

Basic lens cleaning is accomplished using:

a) water
b) lens paper
c) a paper towel
d) xylene

Answer 14

b) lens paper

Question 15

When preparing a wet mount specimen for viewing, it should be covered with:

a) clear paper
b) another glass slide
c) a coverslip
d) transparent tape

Answer 15

c) a coverslip

Question 16

What total magnification will be achieved if the 10X eyepiece and the 10X objectives are used?

Answer 16

100

Question 17

What total magnification will be achieved if the 10X eyepiece and the 100X objectives are used?

Answer 17

1,000

Question 18

Microscopic objects often are measured in micrometers. A micrometer equal 1/1000 of a millimeter. In micrometers, what is the diameter of the scanning power field of view?

Answer 18

.005

Question 19

What change occurred in the intensity of the light in the field of view who you exchanged the low power objective for the high power objective?

Answer 19

The light intensity decreases

Question 20

When you move the ruler to the right, which way did the image move?

Answer 20

left

Question 21

When you move the ruler away from you, which way did the image move?

Answer 21

toward you

Question 22

1. Increases or decreases the light intensity
2. Platform that supports a microscope slide
3. Concentrates light onto the specimen
4. Causes stage (or objective lens) to move upward or downward
5. After light passes through the specimen, it next enters this lens system
6. Holds a microscope slide in position
7. Contains a lens at the top of the body tube
8. Serves as a handle for carrying the microscope
9. Part to which the objective lenses are attached
10. Circular area seen through the eyepiece

Answer 22

1. iris diaphragm
2. stage
3. condenser
4. adjustment knob
5. objective lens system
6. stage clip
7. eyepiece
8. arm
9. nosepiece
10. field of view

Question 23

Which of the following cellular structures is not easily visible with the compound light light microscope?

a) nucleus
b) DNA
c) cytoplasm
d) plasma membrane

Answer 23

b) DNA

Question 24

Which of the following cellular structures is located in the nucleus?

a) nucleolus
b) ribosomes
c) mitochondria
d) endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 24

a) nucleolus

Question 25

The outer boundary of a cell is the: a) mitochondrial membrane b) nuclear envelope c) Golgi apparatus d) plasma membrane

Answer 25

d) plasma membrane

Question 26

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments are components of: a) vesicles b) the Golgi apparatus c) the cytoskeleton d) ribosomes

Answer 26

c) the cytoskeleton

Question 27

Easily attainable living cells observed in the lab are from: a) inside the cheek b) blood c) hair d) finger surface

Answer 27

a) inside of cheek

Question 28

A slide of human cheek cells can be stained to observe ______ under the microscope. a) individual membrane proteins b) Golgi apparatus c) the plasma membrane and nucleus d) mitochondria

Answer 28

c) the plasma membrane and nucleus

Question 29

Cellular energy is stored in: a) ER b) ATP c) DNA d) RNA

Answer 29

b) ATP

Question 30

1. Loosely coiled fibers containing protein and DNA within nucleus 2. Location of ATP production for cellular energy 3. Small RNA-containing particles for the synthesis of proteins 4. Membranous sac formed by the pinching off of pieces of plasma membrane 5. Dense body of RNA and protein within the nucleus 6. Part of the cytoskeleton involved in cellular movement 7. Composed of membrane-bound canals for tubular transport throughout the cytoplasm 8. Occupies space between plasma membrane and nucleus 9. Flattened, membranous sacs that package a secretion 10. Membranous sac that contains digestive enzymes 11. Spherical organelle that contains chromatin and nucleolus

Answer 30

1. chromatin 2. mitochondrion 3. ribosome 4. vesicle 5. nucleolus 6. microtubules 7. endoplasmic reticulum 8. cytoplasm 9. Golgi apparatus 10. lysosome 11. nuclear envelope 12. nucleus

Question 31

As the rate of the mouse decreases, does the metabolic rate decrease or increase?

Answer 31

Increase

Question 32

Is the relationship between weight and metabolic rate direct or inverse?

Answer 32

Inverse

Question 33

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio Ex.

Answer 33

r= 4 Surface area: 4^2=16 Volume: 4^3=64 Surface area/volume ratio: 16/64= 1/4

Question 34

If the surface area-to-volume ratio is applied to the human body, where volume is the size (weight) of the body and surface area is the area of skin surface, as a person increases in size: 1) What happens to the ratio of surface area/ volume? 2) Is the volume (size) increasing at a faster rate than surface area (skin)? 3. Is this a more favorable ratio for keeping the body warm? 4. Will each individual cell have to be as metabolically active as in a larger individual to keep the body warm? Why? 5. Is the metabolic rate of individual cells faster or slower?

Answer 34

1. decreases 2. yes 3. yes 4. no, they have more cells 5. slower

Question 35

When compared with a small animal, like a mouse, a larger animal, like an elephant, consumes: a) the same amount of oxygen b) less oxygen c) more oxygen d) sometimes less oxygen, sometimes more; it varies over time

Answer 35

c) more oxygen

Question 36

Metabolism is defined as: a) the sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in an organism b) the rate at which carbon dioxide is released by an organism c) the rate at which oxygen is consumed by an organism d) the rate of breathing

Answer 36

a) the sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in an organism

Question 37

In this lab, mice are used to determine metabolic rate by: a) the rate of oxygen consumption b) measuring the amount of heat lost by the animal c) the number of breaths per minute d) the stress level of each mouse while confined to a wire cage

Answer 37

a) the rate of oxygen consumption

Question 38

According to Rubneras law, the relationship between body mass and metabolic rate should be: a) 0 b) 0.75 c) 1 d) 0.67

Answer 38

d) 0.67

Question 39

Observations from animals of different sizes reveal that the relationship between body mass and metabolic rate is: a) 0.75 b) 0.67 c) 0 d) 1

Answer 39

a) 0.75

Question 40

In this lab, oxygen consumption is measured by the movement of soap bubbles caused by: a) the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the soda lime b) the decrease in volume of air in the cage as oxygen is used by the mouse c) the number of breaths per minute d) the amount of body heat released from each mouse

Answer 40

b) the decrease in volume of air in the cage as oxygen is used by the mouse

Question 41

According to your data, the largest mouse consumed: a) less oxygen per minute than the smallest mouse b) the same amount of oxygen per minute as the smallest mouse c) more oxygen per minute than the smallest mouse

Answer 41

c) more oxygen per minute than the smallest mouse

Question 42

For each mouse you should have a number of values for the amount of oxygen consumed per minute. Looking at general trends, which value was the highest? a) the first value you recorded for the mouse b) the second value you recorded for the mouse c) the third value you recorded for the mouse d) the fourth value you recorded for the mouse

Answer 42

a) the first value you recorded for the mouse

Question 43

Why do you think a mouse consumed more oxygen per minute when it was first put into the cage? a) there was more oxygen available in the presence of soda lime b) handling disturbed and stressed the animal c) low carbon dioxide levels increase metabolic rate d) the animal was cold in the chamber

Answer 43

b) handling disturbed and stressed the animal

Question 44

After a few minutes, the rate of oxygen consumption decreased because: a) the oxygen level decreased over time b) the soda lime took up less carbon dioxide c) the stress level of the mouse decreased, and it became relaxed d) the mouse lost heat and warmed the chamber

Answer 44

c) the stress level of the mouse decreased, and it became relaxed

Question 45

Did the smallest mouse consume: a) less o2/hr/g than the largest mouse b) the same amount of o2/hr.g as the largest mouse c) more 02/hr/g

Answer 45

c) more 02/hr/g

Question 46

Do you think a gram of a liver from the smallest mouse has: a) substantially more cells than a gram of liver from the largest mouse b) substantially fewer cells than a gram of liver from the largest mouse c) substantially the same number of cells than a gram of liver from the largest mouse

Answer 46

c) substantially the same number of cells than a gram of liver from the largest mouse

Question 47

If a gram of mouse liver has the same number of cells, then one cell from a small animal will consume: a) more oxygen per minute than the same cell in a large animal b) the same amount of oxygen per minute as the same cell in a large animal c) less oxygen per minute as the same cell in a large animal

Answer 47

a) more oxygen per minute than the same cell in a large animal

Question 48

Assuming that a mouse loses heat across its body surface, if a smaller animal has fewer cells per square inch of surface area, these cells must have: a) a low metabolic rate to generate enough heat to maintain body temp b) the same metabolic rate c) a high metabolic rate to generate enough heat to maintain body temp

Answer 48

c) a high metabolic rate to generate enough heat to maintain body temp

Question 49

The smallest mouse should have consumed: a) less o2/hr/g than the largest mouse b) more o2/hr/g than the largest mouse c) the same amount of o2/hr/g than the largest mouse

Answer 49

b) more o2/hr/g than the largest mouse

Question 50

Which of the following membrane movements is not by a passive process? a) osmosis b) diffusion c) active transport d) filtration

Answer 50

c) active transport

Question 51

Osmosis is a membrane passage process pertaining to: a) glucose solutions b) hydrostatic pressure c) saline solutions d) water

Answer 51

d) water

Question 52

Which of the following represents an isotonic solution to human cells? a) 0.9% NaCl b) 3% NaCl c) 3% glucose d) 0.9% glucose

Answer 52

a) 0.9% NaCl

Question 53

Filtration requires _________ for movements through membranes. a) hydrostatic pressure b) active transport c) pinocytosis d) phagocytosis

Answer 53

a) hydrostatic pressure

Question 54

Which of the following does not influence the rate of diffusion? a) concentration gradient b) size of petri dish c) molecular size d) temperature

Answer 54

b) size of petri dish

Question 55

Dialysis tubing serves as a _________ for the osmosis experiment. a) cell wall b) parable membrane c) selectively permeable d) barrier membrane

Answer 55

c) selectively permeable

Question 56

Indicate which of the following provides examples of diffusion. 1. A perfume bottle is opened, and soon the odor can be smelled in all parts of the room. 2. A tea bag is dropped into a cup of hot water and without being stirred all of the liquid becomes the color of tea leaves. 3. Water molecules move from a faucet through a garden hose when the faucet is turned on.

Answer 56

1. yes 2. yes 3. no

Question 57

Indicate which of the following involves osmosis. 1. A fresh potato is peeled, weighed, and soaked in a strong salt solution. The next day, it is discovered that the potato has lost weight. 2. Air molecules escape from a punctured tire as a result of high pressure inside. 3. Plant seeds soaked in water swell and become several times as large as before soaking.

Answer 57

1. no 2. no 3. yes

Question 58

What does hypertonic mean?

Answer 58

The movement of water moves out of the cells

Question 59

What does hypotonic mean?

Answer 59

The movement of water moves in the cells

Question 60

What does isotonic mean?

Answer 60

Water doesn't move in or out of the cells

Question 61

If a concentration gradient has been established across a membrane, the permeable solute will diffuse across the membrane: a) from the side with a lower concentration to the side with a higher concentration b) in both directions, but with no net movement in any particular direction c) from the side with a higher concentration to the side with a lower concentration d) so slowly that there will be no movement of these molecules, even though the membrane is permeable to them

Answer 61

c) from the side with a higher concentration to the side with a lower concentration

Question 62

Hydrophilic molecules, like water and ions, pass across membranes by diffusion: a) through channels, which are made of lipids b) through channels, which are made of protein c) through channels, which are made of carbohydrates d) across the lipid bilayer

Answer 62

b) through channels, which are made of protein

Question 63

In biological systems, membrane channels are usually permeable to: a) one or a few specific ions or molecules, and water b) only water c) all ions or molecules d) all hydrophilic molecules

Answer 63

a) one or a few specific ions or molecules, and water

Question 64

Most cells: a) have only a few sodium channels b) have many sodium channels, so sodium can freely move across the membrane c) have no sodium channels, so sodium cannot cross the membrane d) have no channels in their membranes

Answer 64

a) have only a few sodium channels

Question 65

Cells live in a solution and show no signs of shrinking or swelling. You now add a large volume of deionized water to the solution so that: a) water moves out of the cells, and the cells swell and may burst b) water moves out of the cells, and the cells shrink c) water moves into the cells, and the cells swell and may burst d) water moves out of the cells, and the cells shrink

Answer 65

c) water moves into the cells, and the cells swell and may burst

Question 66

The membrane of red blood cells, like most other cells in your body has: a) numerous open sodium channels; more than for any other ion b) many open sodium channels c) very few open sodium channels

Answer 66

c) very few open sodium channels

Question 67

When a red blood cell is placed in hypertonic (very concentrated) solutions of NaCl: a) sodium ions rush into the cell, down the concentration gradient b) sodium ions may enter the cell, but are pumped out by the Na/K-ATPase pump c) sodium ions rush out of the cell, down the concentration gradient d) sodium ions may leave the cell, but are pumped out by the Na/K-ATPase pump

Answer 67

b) sodium ions may enter the cell, but are pumped out by the Na/K-ATPase pump

Question 68

When a red blood cell is placed in hypertonic (very concentrate) solutions of NaCl: a) water leaves the cell, and the cell swells b) water leaves the cell, and the cell shrinks c) water enters the cell, and the cell swells d) water enters the cell, and the cell shrinks

Answer 68

b) water leaves the cell, and the cell shrinks

Question 69

Low transmittance values indicates that the red blood cells have lost water and have shrunk. According to your data, what range of concentrations of NaCl produced this effect? a) 0 to 100mM b) 120 to 160 mM c) 200 to 240 mM

Answer 69

c) 200 to 240 mM

Question 70

When a red blood cell is placed in hypotonic (very dilute) solutions of NaCl: a) water leaves the cell, and the cell swells b) water leaves the cell, and the cell shrinks c) water enters the cell, and the cell swells d) water enters the cell, and the cell shrinks

Answer 70

c) water enters the cell, and the cell swells

Question 71

When a red blood cell is placed in hypotonic (very dilute) solutions of NaCl: a) sodium ions rush into the cell, down the concentration gradient b) some sodium ions may leave the cell c) sodium ions rush out of the cell, down the concentration gradient d) some sodium ions may enter the cell

Answer 71

b) some sodium ions may leave the cell

Question 72

High transmittance values indicate that the red blood cells have swollen or burst. According to your data, what concentrations of sodium chloride produced this effect? a) 200 to 250 mM b) 0 to 120 mM c) 150 to 180 mM

Answer 72

b) 0 to 120 mM

Question 73

When a red blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution of NaCl: a) water neither leaves more enters the cell; the cell neither swells nor shrinks b) water leaves the cell, and the cell shrinks c) water enters the cell, and the cell swells and bursts

Answer 73

a) water neither leaves more enters the cell; the cell neither swells nor shrinks

Question 74

Transmittance values that are intermediate between those seen in dilute and concentrated solutions were found in NaCl solutions: a) between 0 and 100 mM b) between 200 and 240 mM c) between 140 and 180 mM

Answer 74

c) between 140 and 180 mM