Ch 7 Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
Bones are composed of:
A
bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood and nervous tissue
2
Q
3 functions of bones:
A
- store inorganic salts
- support and protect soft tissue
- house blood-producing cells
3
Q
What 5 things are composed of the axial skeleton?
A
- skull
- middle ear bone
- hyoid bone
- vertebral column
- thoracic cage
4
Q
What 4 things are composed of the appendicular skeleton?
A
- pectoral girdle
- upper limbs
- pelvic girdle
- lower limbs
5
Q
The skull=
A
cranium + facial skeleton
6
Q
Cranium:
A
encloses and protects brain
7
Q
Facial skeleton:
A
forms shape of face
8
Q
What are the 4 major sutures of the cranium?
A
- coronal
- sagittal
- squamous
- lamboid
9
Q
(Cranium) Where are 5 places that the frontal bone is located?
A
- forehead
- roof of nasal cavity
- roofs of orbits
- frontal sinuses
- supraorbital foramen
10
Q
(Cranium) Where is 1 place the parietal bone is located?
A
-sides & roof of cranium
11
Q
(Cranium) What 2 things is the occipital bone composed of?
A
- foramen magnum
- occipital condyles
12
Q
(Cranium) What 3 things is the temporal bone composed of?
A
- external acoustic meatus
- mandibular fossa
- zygomatic arch
13
Q
(Cranium) What suture is located in the temporal bone?
A
squamous suture
14
Q
(Cranium) What 3 processes are in the temporal bone?
A
mastoid, styloid, zygomatic
15
Q
(Cranium) What 2 sutures are in the parietal bone?
A
- sagittal suture
- coronal suture
16
Q
(Cranium) What suture is in the occipital bone?
A
-lambdoid suture
17
Q
(Cranium) Where are 3 places the sphenoid bone is located?
A
- base of cranium
- sides of skull
- floor & sides of orbits
18
Q
(Cranium) Where are 2 places the occipital bone is located?
A
- back of skull
- base of cranium
19
Q
(Cranium) What 2 things is the sphenoid bone composed of?
A
- sella turcica
- sphenoid sinuses
20
Q
(Cranium) What are 4 places the ethmoid bone is located?
A
- in front of sphenoid
- roof and walls of nasal cavity
- wall of orbits
- floor of cranium
21
Q
(Cranium) What 2 plates make up the cranium?
A
- cribriform plates
- perpendicular plate
22
Q
(Cranium) What 3 things are the ethmoid bone made up of?
A
- nasal conchae
- ethmoidal air cells
- crista galli
23
Q
(Cranium) Where are 4 places the maxillae is located?
A
- upper jaw
- anterior roof of mouth
- floors of orbit
- sides and floor of nasal cavity
24
Q
(Cranium) What 2 processes are in the maxillae?
A
- alveolar
- palatine
25
(Cranium) What 1 thing is the maxillae made of?
maxillary sinuses
26
(Facial Skeleton) What does the palatine bone look like?
L-shaped
27
(Facial Skeleton) Where are 2 places the palatine bone is located?
- behind maxilla
| - floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity
28
(Facial Skeleton) Where are 2 places the zygomatic bone is located?
- cheeks
| - lateral walls & floor of orbits
29
(Facial Skeleton) What 1 process is in the zygomatic bone?
temporal
30
(Facial Skeleton) What 1 thing makes up the zygomatic bone?
zygomatic arch
31
(Facial Skeleton) Where is the lacrimal bone located?
medial walls of orbits
32
(Facial Skeleton) What bone is composed from orbit to nasal cavity for tears?
lacrimal bone
33
(Facial Skeleton) Where is the nasal bone located?
bridge of nose
34
(Facial Skeleton) Where is the vomer bone located?
midline of nasal cavity
35
(Facial Skeleton) The vomer bone is the inferior portion of:
nasal septum
36
(Facial Skeleton) What is the largest of the conchae?
inferior nasal conchae
37
(Facial Skeleton) What does the inferior nasal conchae look like?
scroll-shaped
38
(Facial Skeleton) What is the mandible?
lower jawbone
39
(Facial Skeleton) What does the mandible look like?
horse shoe
40
(Facial Skeleton) What 2 condyles are in the mandible?
- ramus
| - mandibular
41
(Facial Skeleton) What 2 processes are in the mandible?
- coronoid
| - alveolar
42
(Facial Skeleton) What 2 foramen are in the mandible?
- mental
| - mandibular
43
What is something that infantile skulls have?
fontanels (soft spots)
44
(Vertebral Column) What does the vertebral column consist a lot of?
vertebrae
45
(Vertebral Column) How many cervical vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
7
46
(Vertebral Column) How many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
12
47
(Vertebral Column) How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
5
48
(Vertebral Column) What forms the sacrum?
5 fused sacral vertebrae
49
(Vertebral Column) What forms the coccyx?
4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
50
What is the smallest vertebrae?
cervical vertebrae
51
(Cervical Vertebrae) What does the atlas do?
supports head
52
(Cervical Vertebrae) What does the axis do?
pivots around dens
53
What are 2 things to know about the thoracic vertebrae?
- articulate with the ribs
| - pointed spinous process
54
What are 2 things to know about lumbar vertebrae?
- short spinous processes
| - weight-bearing
55
Describe the spinous processes in lumbar vertebrae.
thick and horizontal
56
Where is the sacrum located?
posterior walls of pelvic cavity
57
What are 4 things know about the sacrum?
posterior and anterior sacral foramina, sacral canal, hiatus, promontory
58
What is your coccyx?
tailbone
59
How many fused vertebrae does your coccyx have?
4
60
How many pairs of true ribs do we have?
7 pairs
61
How many pairs of false ribs do we have?
5 pairs
62
True ribs:
vertebrosternal
63
Upper 3 pairs of false ribs:
vertebrochondral ribs
64
Vertebral, lower 2 pairs of false ribs:
floating ribs
65
(Structure of Rib) Main portion; long and slender
shaft
66
(Structure of Rib) Posterior end; articulates with vertebrae
head
67
(Structure of Rib) Articulates with vertebra:
tubercle
68
(Structure of Rib) Hyaline cartilage; connects rib to sternum:
costal cartilage
69
What are the 3 main parts of the sternum?
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
70
What does the sternum do?
articulates with costal cartilages and clavicles
71
What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
2 clavicles, 2 scapulae
72
What does the pectoral girdle do?
support upper limbs
73
What is the shape of clavicles?
s-shaped
74
What do clavicles articulate with?
manubrium and scapulae
75
What do clavicles brace?
scapulae
76
Another name for scapulae:
spine
77
What 3 fossas are in the scapulae?
- supraspinous
- infraspinous
- glenoid
78
What 2 processes are in the scapulae?
acromion and coracoid
79
What do the upper limb bones consist of? (C,H,M,P,R,U)
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
80
What is the only bone of the upper arm?
humerus
81
What 2 tubercle are found on the humerus?
greater and lesser tubercle
82
What 2 necks does the humerus consist of?
anatomical and surgical
83
What is something special the humerus consists of?
deltoid tuberosity
84
What 2 condyles does the humerus consist of?
capitulum (lateral) and trochlea (medial)
85
What 2 fossas are in the humerus?
coronoid and olecranon
86
The radius is shorter than:
ulna
87
The radius is what?
lateral forearm bone
88
What kind of tuberosity does the radius have?
radial
89
What kind of process does the radius have?
styloid
90
What kind of notch does the radius have?
ulnar
91
The ulna is what?
medial forearm bone
92
What 2 notches does the ulna have?
trochlear and radial
93
What 3 processes does the ulna have?
olecranon, styloid, coronoid
94
What are the 8 carpal wrist bones? (So Long Top Part Here Comes The Thumb)
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Hamate
- Capitate
- Trapezoid
- Trapezium
95
How many metacarpals are in the hand?
5
96
How many finger bones or phalanges are there in the hand?
14
97
What 3 parts are there to the fingers?
proximal, middle, distal
98
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
2 coxal bones
99
Pelvis=
pelvic girdle + sacrum + coccyx
100
What supports the trunk of the body?
pelvis
101
What does the pelvis protect?
viscera
102
What does the pelvis provide attachment for?
lower limbs
103
What 3 things does the hip bone consist of?
ilium, ischium, pubis
104
What is the largest and most superior part of the 3 parts of the hip bone?
ilium
105
What 3 things does the ilium consist of?
- iliac crest
- iliac spines
- greater sciatic notch
106
What part out of the 3 parts of the coxal supports weight while sitting?
ischium
107
What 2 things does the ischium consist of?
ischial spines and ischial tuberosity
108
What 2 things does the pubis consist of?
pubic symphysis and pubic arch
109
Acetabulum:
depression for head of femur
110
What does false pelvis help support?
abdominal organs
111
Describe 4 things about the female pelvis.
- pubic arch is at a greater angle
- pelvic cavity wider
- lighter
- iliac bone more flared
112
Describe 2 things about the male pelvis.
- heavier
| - less flared
113
What are the 7 bones in the lower limb? (F,F,M,P,P,T,T)
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
114
What is the longest bone in the body?
femur
115
What 2 trochanters does the femur have?
greater and lesser
116
What 2 condyles AND 2 epicondyles does the femur have?
medial and lateral
117
What other 4 things does the femur consist of?
- head
- fovea capitis
- neck
- linea aspera
118
The patella is a flat _______ bone located in the ________ tendon.
sesamoid; quadriceps
119
What does the patella do?
helps with lever action for movement of lower limbs
120
Tibia is also know as:
shin bone
121
What bone is larger of the two leg bones?
tibia
122
What is the attachment site for patellar ligament?
tibial tuberosity
123
Where are the condyles located on the tibia?
proximal
124
Describe what the fibula looks like.
long and thin
125
What bone is non-weight bearing?
fibula
126
What are the 7 bones in the ankle? (Tiger, Cubs, Need, M, I, L, C, C)
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular
- Medial
- Intermediate
- Lateral
- Cuneiform
- Cuboid
127
Calcaneus:
large heel bone
128
Talus:
allows foot to move up and down
129
(Bone Shapes) What are the 5 kinds of bone shapes? Describe them.
1. Long bones: long and narrow, expanded ends Ex. arms & legs
2. Short bones: cubelike, length=width Ex. carpals & tarsals
3. Flat bones: platelike, thin and curved Ex. bones of skull
4. Irregular bones: variety of shapes Ex. vertebrae
5. Sesamoid bones: round, embedded in tendons Ex. patella
130
(parts of long bone) Epiphysis:
expanded end
131
(parts of long bone) Diaphysis:
bone shaft
132
(parts of long bone) Metaphysis:
widening part
133
(parts of long bone) Articular Cartilage:
covers epiphysis
134
(parts of long bone) Periosteum:
encloses bone
135
(parts of long bone) Compact bone:
wall of diaphysis
136
(parts of long bone) Spongy bone:
make up epiphysis
137
(parts of long bone) Trabeculae:
branching bony plates, make up spongy bones
138
(parts of long bone) Medullary cavity:
hollow chamber that contains marrow
139
(parts of long bone) Endosteum:
lines spaces
140
(parts of long bone) Bone marrow:
red: spongy bone area, yellow: lines medullary
141
Mature bone cells:
osteocytes
142
Osteocytes occupy chambers called:
lacunae
143
Compact bone consists of:
osteons
144
What are compact bones like?
strong and solid
145
What do compact bones do?
resists compression
146
What is spongy bone like?
flexible somewhat
147
How do nutrients diffuse in spongy bones?
through canaliculi
148
Intramembranous bone is what kind of tissue?
connective
149
Describe intramembranous bone.
flat
150
What is intramembranous ossification?
replacing connective tissue to form intramembranous bones
151
Endochondral bone is what cartilage?
hyaline
152
Example of endochondral bones.
femur, humerus
153
What is endochondral ossification?
replacing hyaline cartilage to form endochondral bones
154
Describe the 4 layers of epiphyseal growth. (R,P,H,C)
1. Resting cartilage: closest to end of epiphysis, anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
2. Proliferating cartilage: young cells undergoing mitosis
3. Hypertrophic cartilage: thickens epiphyseal plate, lengthening bone, matrix calcifies
4. Calcified cartilage: dead cartilage and calcified matrix
155
What do osteoclasts do?
break down calcified matrix
156
What do osteoblasts do?
replace cartilage with bone tissue
157
Bone resorption: (blast or clast)
removal of bone; osteoclast
158
Bone deposition: (blast or clast)
formation of bone; osteoblasts
159
Describe the 4 steps in fracture repair. (H,C,B,R)
1. Hematoma: large blood clot
2. Cartilaginous callus: phagocyte remove debris
3. Bony callus: osteoblast invade, hard callus fills space
4. Remodeling: bone restores close to original shape
160
Hematopoiesis:
blood cell formation
161
Where does blood cell production occur?
red bone marrow
162
Osteoporosis:
loss of bone mineralization
