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A&P 1 > Ch 12 > Flashcards

Ch 12 Flashcards

1
Q

(sensory function)

  • Collect info from environment, and relay it to the CNS on sensory neurons
  • Respond to specific stimuli
A

sensory receptors

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2
Q

(sensory function)

  • Receptors that are widely distributed throughout body
  • Skin, various organs and joints
A

general senses

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3
Q

(sensory function)

  • Specialized receptors confined to structures in head
  • Eyes, ears, nose, mouth
A

special sense

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4
Q

A feeling that occurs when brain becomes aware of sensory info:

A

sensation

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5
Q

The way the brain interprets the sensory info:

A

perception

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6
Q

What causes change in its membrane potential?

A

stimulation of receptor

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7
Q

Ability to ignore unimportant stimuli:

A

sensory adaptation

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8
Q

(touch and pressure senses)

  • Common in epithelial tissues
  • Simplest receptors
  • Sense itching
A

free nerve endings

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9
Q

(temperature senses)

  • Sensitive to temps above 77 degrees
  • Unresponsive to temps above 113 degrees
A

warm receptors

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10
Q

(temperature senses)

Sensitive to temps between 50-68 degrees:

A

cold receptors

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11
Q

(temperature senses)

  • Responds to temps below 10 Celsius, produce freezing sensation
  • Responds to temps above 45 Celsius, produce burning sensation
A

pain receptors

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12
Q

Visceral pain may feel as if coming from some other part of the body: (ex. heart pains feels like it’s coming from left shoulder)

A

referred pain

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13
Q

Where does sensation of pain begin?

A

thalamus

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14
Q
  • Judges intensity of pain
  • Locates source of pain
  • Produces emotional and motor responses to pain
A

cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Regulates flow of impulses from spinal cord:

A

gray matter in brainstem

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16
Q

What are 3 pain-inhibiting substances produced in body?

A
  • Enkephalins
  • Serotonin
  • Endorphins
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17
Q
  • Stretch receptors in skeletal muscles

- Initiate stretch reflexes in which spindle stretch causes muscle contraction

A

muscle spindles

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18
Q
  • Stretch receptors in tendons
  • Stimulate reflexes that oppose stretch reflexes
  • Help maintain posture
A

Golgi tendon organs

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19
Q

(special senses)

Olfactory organs in nasal cavity:

A

smell

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20
Q

(special senses)

Taste buds in oral cavity:

A

taste

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21
Q

(special senses)

Hearing and equilibrium:

A

ears

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22
Q

(special senses)

Sight:

A

eyes

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23
Q

(sense of smell)

Contains olfactory receptor cells and supporting epithelial cells:

A

olfactory organs

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24
Q

Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through openings where?

A

cribriform plate

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25
Q

Olfactory nerves—–> Olfactory bulbs—–> Olfactory tracts—–>

A

limbic system and olfactory cortex

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26
Q

Center for memory and provides emotional attachment:

A

limbic system

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27
Q

Sense of taste:

A

gustation

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28
Q

(sense of taste)

  • Organs of taste
  • Located on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, lining of cheek
A

taste buds

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29
Q

(sense of taste)

-Chemoreceptors

A

taste receptors

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30
Q

(sense of taste)

Modified epithelial cells that function as receptors:

A

taste cells

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31
Q

(sense of taste)

Microvili that protrude from taste cells through pores of taste buds:

A

taste hairs

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32
Q

(outer ear)

  • Funnel-shaped
  • Collects sound waves
A

auricle

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33
Q

(outer ear)

  • S-shaped tube
  • Lined with ceruminous glands
  • Carries sound to tympanic membrane
  • Terminates at tympanic membrane
A

external acoustic meatus

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34
Q

(middle ear)

Air-filled space in temporal bone:

A

tympanic cavity

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35
Q

(middle ear)

  • Opening in wall of tympanic cavity
  • Stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear
A

oval window

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36
Q

(middle ear)
-Muscle contractions that occur during loud sounds, to lessen the transfer of sound vibrations to inner ear and prevent damage to hearing receptors

A

tympanic reflex

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37
Q

(middle ear)

  • Connects middle ear to throat
  • Helps maintain equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
  • Usually closed by valve-like flaps in throat
A

auditory tube

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38
Q

(inner ear)

  • Functions in hearing
  • Coiled around bony core, modiolus
A

cochlea

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39
Q

(inner ear)

What is a bony shelf that coils around the cochlea?

A

spiral lamina

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40
Q

(inner ear)

Window in wall of inner ear facing the tympanic cavity, through which excess vibrations dissipate into tympanic cavity:

A

round window

41
Q

(cochlea)

  • Upper compartment
  • Leads from oval window to apex of spiral
  • Part of body labyrinth
A

scala vestibuli

42
Q

(cochlea)

  • Lower compartment
  • Extends from apex of cochlea to round window
  • Part of body labyrinth
A

scala tympani

43
Q

(cochlea)

  • Middle compartment
  • Portion of membranous labyrinth in cochlea
A

cochlear duct

44
Q

(cochlea)

Separates scala vestiboli from cochlear duct:

A

vestibular membrane

45
Q

(cochlea)

Separates cochlear duct from scala tympani:

A

basilar membrane

46
Q

(cochlea)

Extends partially into cochlear duct; part of the hearing receptor organ:

A

tectorial membrane

47
Q
  • Organ for sense of hearing
  • Sits on upper surface of basilar membrane
  • Contains hearing receptor cells, called hair cells
A

spiral organ

48
Q
  • Passes like a roof over the hair cell stereovilli
  • Sound vibrations cause stereo cilia to contact and bend against the tectorial membrane
  • Different frequencies of vibration move different parts of basilar membrane
A

basilar membrane

49
Q

(hearing loss)

  • Interference with conduction of sound vibrations to inner ear
  • 95% of cases of hearing loss
  • Caused by accusation of ear wax, hardening or injury of tympanic membrane, injury to auditory ossicles
  • Diagnostic tests: Rinne test and Weber test
A

conductive deafness

50
Q

(hearing loss)

  • Damage to cochlea, auditory nerve, or nerve pathways
  • Can be caused by long-term exposure to very loud sounds, such as factory noise, loud music
  • Also caused by CNS tumors, brain damage resulting from a stroke
A

sensorineural deafness

51
Q

(sense of equilibrium)

  • Senses position of head when body is not moving
  • Receptors are found in vestibule of inner ear
A

statice equilibrium

52
Q

(sense of equilibrium)

  • Senses rotation and movement of head and body
  • Receptors are found in semicircular canals
A

dynamic equilibrium

53
Q

Has hair cells embedded in gelatinous material, with otoliths on its surface:

A

macula

54
Q

Gravity pulls on ___________ mass when head changes position.

A

gelatinous

55
Q

_________ shift position, and pull on gelatinous mass and cilia of hair cells.

A

otoliths

56
Q

This results in generation of nerve impulses in vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear nerve.

A

bending of hairs

57
Q

A swelling of the membranous labyrinth that communicates with the vestibule:

A

ampulla

58
Q
  • Sensory organ for dynamic equilibrium
  • Hair cells and supporting cells
  • Located in ampulla of each semicircular canal
  • Consists of hair cells whose hairs extend upward into dome-shape gelatinous mass
A

crista ampullaris

59
Q

What are 4 accessory organs for sense of sight?

A
  • eyelids
  • eyelashes
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • extrinsic eye muscles
60
Q

(lacrimal apparatus)

  • In orbit, lateral to eye
  • Secretes tears
A

lacrimal gland

61
Q

(lacrimal apparatus)

Antibacterial component of tears:

A

lysozyme

62
Q

(eye muscles)

Rotates eye up and medially:

A

superior rectus

63
Q

(eye muscles)

Rotates eye down and medially:

A

inferior rectus

64
Q

(eye muscles)

Rotates eye medially:

A

medial rectus

65
Q

(eye muscles)

Rotates eyes laterally:

A

lateral rectus

66
Q

(eye muscles)

Rotates eye down and laterally:

A

superior oblique

67
Q

(eye muscles)

Rotates eye up and laterally:

A

inferior oblique

68
Q

(outer tunic)

Cornea+Sclera:

A

outer tunic

69
Q

(outer tunic)

  • Transparent
  • Helps focus light rays
  • Transmits and refracts light
A

cornea

70
Q

(outer tunic)

  • White, opaque
  • Protects eye, attaches muscles
  • Pierced by optic nerve and blood vessels
A

sclera

71
Q

(middle tunic)

Choroid coat+Ciliary body+Iris:

A

middle tunic

72
Q

(middle tunic)

  • Provides blood supply
  • Contains melanocytes
  • Melanin absorbs extra light
A

choroid light

73
Q

(middle tunic)

  • Thickest portion, pigmented
  • Forms ring to hold lens
  • Changes lens shape for focusing
A

ciliary body

74
Q

(middle tunic)

  • In front of lens
  • Pigmented
  • Controls light entering eye
A

iris

75
Q

Between cornea and lens, filled with watery fluid:

A

aqueous humor

76
Q

Transparent, biconvex, lies behind iris, elastic, held in place by suspensory ligaments of ciliary body; helps focus light rays, and changes shape for long distance or close vision:

A

lens

77
Q

Forms internal ring around the front of the eye:

A

ciliary body

78
Q

Lies just behind iris and pupil:

A

lens

79
Q

A change in shape of lens, to view close objects:

A

accommodation

80
Q

Lens _________ and becomes more convex when focusing on close objects.

A

thickens

81
Q

Lens _________ and becomes flatter when focusing on distant objects.

A

thins

82
Q
  • Controls amount of light entering the eye

- Consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle

A

iris

83
Q

Window or opening in center of iris:

A

pupil

84
Q

Pupils dilate to:

A

dim light

85
Q

Pupil constrict to:

A

bright light

86
Q
  • Fluid in anterior cavity
  • Secreted by epithelium on inner surface of ciliary body
  • Provides nutrients and maintains shape of anterior portion of eye
  • Leaves cavity through scleral venous sinus
A

aqueous humor

87
Q
  • Inner tunic consists of
  • Contains visual receptors
  • Continuous with optic nerve in back of eye
  • Ends just behind margin of ciliary body toward front of eye
  • Composed of several layers
A

retina

88
Q

(inner tunic)

Yellowish spot in retina:

A

macula lutea

89
Q

(inner tunic)

Center of macula lutea; produces sharpest vision, only cones:

A

fovea centralis

90
Q

(inner tunic)
Blind spot; contains no visual receptors; found where nerve fibers from retina leave eye to become optic nerve, no rods or cones:

A

optic disc

91
Q

(inner tunic)

Thick gel that holds retina flat against choroid coat:

A

vitreous humor

92
Q

Space enclosed by lens, ciliary body, and retina:

A

posterior cavity

93
Q

Bending of light, which occurs when light waves pass at an angle between mediums of different densities:

A

refraction

94
Q

(photoreceptors)

  • Long, thin projections
  • Contain light sensitive pigment, called rhodopsin
  • Provide vision in dim light
  • Produce colorless vision
  • Produce outlines of objects
A

rods

95
Q

(photoreceptors)

  • Short, blunt projections
  • Contain light sensitive pigments
  • Provide vision in bright light
  • Produce sharp images
  • Produce color vision
A

cones

96
Q

Light-sensitive pigment in rods:

A

rhodopsin

97
Q

Erythrolabe:

A

responds to red light

98
Q

Chlorolabe:

A

responds to green light

99
Q

Cyanolabe:

A

responds to blue light

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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