Ch. 12 The CNS Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
The central nervous system develops from ____.
A
neural tube
2
Q
The anterior end of the neural tube expands and constrictions mark 3 primary brain vesicles. What are they?
A
Prosencephalon- Forebrain
Mesencephalon- Midbrain
Rhombencephalon- Hindbrain
3
Q
During week 5 of embryonic development, the primary vesicles give rise to secondary vesicles called what?
A
Forebrain- Telencephalon and Dienchephalon
Midbrain is unchanged
Hindbrain- Metencephalon and Myencephalon
4
Q
Secondary vesicle, telencephalon, forms what major structures of the brain.
A
Cerebrum
5
Q
Secondary vesicle, Diencephalon, forms what major structures of the brain.
A
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
6
Q
Secondary vesicle, Mesencephalon, forms what major structures of the brain.
A
Midbrain
7
Q
Secondary vesicle, Metencephalon, forms what major structures of the brain.
A
- Pons
2. Cerebellum
8
Q
Secondary vesicle, Myencephalon, forms what major structures of the brain.
A
Medulla Oblongata
9
Q
These are 4 hollow chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid and lined by ependymal cells, continuous tubes.
A
Ventricles
10
Q
These are C shaped chambers in each cerebral hemisphere separated by the septum pellucidum.
A
Lateral Ventricle
11
Q
This ventricle is in the diencephalon, connected to the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramen.
A
Third Ventricle
12
Q
This ventricle is dorsal to the pons, open to the subarachnoid space by the lateral and medial apertures, connected to the third ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct.
A
Fourth Ventricle
13
Q
This is the largest and most superior part of the brain divided into right and left hemispheres.
A
Cerebral Hemispheres.
14
Q
Another name for the many ridges of the brain.
A
Gyri
15
Q
Another name for the grooves of the brain.
A
Sulci
16
Q
Deep groves of the brain are called? They separate regions of the brain.
A
Fissures
17
Q
What are the 2 fissures of the brain called?
A
- Longitudinal Fissure
2. Transverse Cerebral Fissure
18
Q
The longitudinal fissure separates what region?
A
Separates Hemisphers
19
Q
The transverse fissure separates what regions of the brain?
A
The cerebrum from the cerebellum
20
Q
Hemispheres are divided into 5 lobes by what?
A
Sulci
21
Q
What are the 5 lobes of the brain?
A
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
- Insula (internal)
22
Q
What does the central sulcus divide?
A
Frontal and parietal lobes
23
Q
What does the Parieto-Occipital sulcus divide?
A
Parietal from occipital lobe
24
Q
What does the lateral sulcus divide?
A
Temporal from frontal and parietal
25
Where can you find the insula?
Under the lateral sulcus
26
Each hemisphere has superficial cortex of gray matter and internal white matter with islands of gray matter called what?
Basal Nuclei
27
This has billions of neurons arranged in 6 layers.
Cerebral Cortex
28
52 cortical areas described by thickness and structure of cortex are called? Roughly matches major functions of the cortex.
Brodmann Areas
29
What is the cerebral cortex and what are it’s are the 3 functional areas?
The outermost layer of the brain. Grey matter arranged in 6 layers.
1. Motor
2. Sensory
3. Association
30
Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex controls____ side of the body.
Contralateral (opposite)
31
The hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are not equal in function.
Lateralization
32
Which part of the brain hold the motor areas of the cerebral cortex?
Posterior parts of the frontal lobe
33
What are the 4 motor areas of the cerebral cortex?
1. Primary Motor Cortex
2. Premotor Cortex
3. Broca's Area
4. Frontal Eye Field
34
This motor area contains the precentral gyrus, and the pyramidal cells control voluntary movements and send axons to spinal cord in pyramidal tracts.
Primary Motor Cortex
35
This motor area controls learned motor skills and planning motor behaviors.
Premotor cortex
36
This is the motor speech area and controls muscles for speech.
Broca's Area
37
This motor area controls voluntary eye movement.
Frontal Eye Field
38
What are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex? Where are they found?
1. Olfactory cortex- uncus
2. Gustatory cortex- insula
3. Visceral sensory cortex- insula
4. Vestibular cortex- insula
39
This is a sensory area receives emotional inputs from olfactory centers and limbic system.
Olfactory Cortex
40
This is a primitive part of the cerebrum containing olfactory centers and limbic system (control of emotions)
Rhinencephalon
41
This sensory area receives taste sensation inputs.
Gustatory Cortex
42
This sensory area receives input perception from internal organs sensation.
Visceral Sensory Cortex
43
This sensory area receives input on balance.
Vestibular Cortex
44
This association area of the cortex is in charge of personality, cognition, judgement, reasoning and planning.
Anterior association area
45
This association area of the cortex is in charge of recognition, all senses and attention to location of body and objects in space.
Posterior Association area
46
This association area of the cortex controls emotions.
Limbic association area
47
Connecting fibers for communication between parts of the cerebral cortex and also with rest of the CNS.
Cerebral White Matter
48
This connecting fiber of the cerebral white matter connects the right and left hemispheres.
Commissures
49
This is a broad band of nerve fibers joining the 2 hemispheres of the brain. It is the largest commissure and superior to lateral ventricles.
Corpus Callosum
50
This is a type of connecting fiber that connects different parts (gyrus to gyrus) of the same hemisphere.
Association Fibers
51
This is a type of connecting fiber that connects lower brain centers and spinal cord to cortex.
Projection Fibers
52
This is a compact band of projection fibers passing between thalamus and basal nuclei.
Internal Capsule
53
These are fibers fanning out from the internal capsule to connect cortex. They carry information from muscles and skin to the brain and carry motor commands from the brain to the body.
Corona Radiata
54
This is also called the subcortical nuclei. It is involved in the stopping, starting and monitoring of movements. It is functionally associated with the subthalamic nuclei and the substantia nigra.
Basal Nuclei
55
The basal nuclei is composed of which 3 parts.
1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. globulis pallidus.
56
All three parts of the basal nuclei together form what?
Corpus stratium
57
What are 2 diseases that affect the basal nuclei?
1. Huntingtons -stopping movement
| 2. Parkinsons- starting movement
58
This portion of the brain is on top of the brain stem and is composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus and the epithalimus.
Diencephalon
59
This is an egg shaped nuclei in the lateral walls of the third ventricle. All information is sorted and edited here.
Thalamus
60
What is the main purpose of the thalamus?
All sensory inputs are sorted and edited and then certain information is sent to the cerebrum. Some information can bypass the thalamus and go straight to the cerebrum but still has to pass through it.
61
This is a portion of the diencephalon below the thamalus. It is smaller and in the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle. It is the main visceral and homeostatic control center. Endocrine system control.
Hypothalamus
62
What are the 2 main structures of the hypothalamus?
1. Mammillary bodies
| 2. Infundibulum
63
These are found on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus and are the olfactory relay nuclei.
Mammillary bodies
64
This connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus and is found between the optic chiasm and the mammillary bodies.
Infundibulum
65
This structure includes the pineal body and the roof of the third ventricle. it produces meletonin to regulate sleep-wake cycle.
Epithalamus
66
This controls rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors. It is where most cranial nerves enter and exit.
Brainstem
67
The brainstem is composed of what 3 structures?
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla Oblongata
68
This structure of the brainstem is found between the diencephalon and the pons.
Midbrain
69
This aspect of the midbrain is dominated by the cerebral peduncles ("little feet")
Ventral Aspect
70
This aspect of the midbrain is made up of superior cerebral peduncles which connect midbrain to cerebellum.
Dorsal Aspect
71
This part of the midbrain separates the cerebral peduncles from the tectum or roof of the midbrain.
Cerebral Aqueduct
72
This portion of the midbrain is 4 dome shaped bumps on the dorsal surface including the superior and inferior colluculi.
Corpora Quadrigemina
73
This is the dopamine producing neurons of the midbrain connected to basal nuclei.
Substantia Nigra
74
This part of the midbrain relays neurons that affect limb flexion and is a useful tool in triage assessment of unconscious individuals.
Red nucleus
75
This structure of the brainstem is found between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata “bridge”. It is a conduction pathway going from upper portions of the brain to lower portions and vice versa.
Pons
76
This structure of the pons is the relay center between the motor cortex and the cerebellum.
Pontine nuclei
77
This structure of the pons connects the pons and the cerebellum.
Middle cerebral peduncles
78
This structure of the brainstem is between the pons and the spinal cord.
Medulla Oblongata
79
This aspect of the medulla oblongata are pyramids that crossover fibers from right to left.
Ventral aspect
80
This occurs at the ventral aspect of the medulla oblongata and is the crossover of fibers from left to right and vice versa at the medulla-spinal cord junction.
Decussatoin of the pyramids
81
This part of the medulla oblongata connects the medulla and the cerebellum.
Inferior Cerebral Peduncles
82
This part of the medulla oblongata relays information on stretch of muscles.
Inferior Olivary Nuclei
83
This part of the medulla oblongata relays auditory information.
Cochlear Nuclei
84
This part of the medulla oblongata relays balance informaiton.
Vestibular Nuclei
85
This center of the medulla oblongata control the force and rate of heart contrations and regulates blood pressure.
Cardiovascular Center
86
This center of the medulla oblongata controls rate, depth, and rhythm of breathing.
Respiratory Center
87
The medulla oblongata is the regulation center for what actions?
```
Vomiting
Hiccuping
Swallowing
Coughing
Sneezing
```
88
This is the second largest part of the brain. It controls timing and patterning of skeletal muscles for smooth coordinated movements. It helps with coordination of movement and keeping us balanced.
Cerebellum
89
The cerebellum hemispheres are connected by medial ____
Vermis
90
The cerebellum is divided into what 3 lobes? And what are their main functions?
Anterior- influence motor activities of the trunk and girdle muscles.
Posterior- influence distal parts of the limbs and skilled movements involved in planning movement.
Flocculonodular- adjusts posture to maintain balance
91
The inner gray matter of the cerebellum is called what? Grey matter version of the arbor vitae in white matter.
Folia
92
These are large neurons that synapse with dentate nuclei in the cerebellum. They are in between the outer grey matter and the internal white matter.
Purkinje cells
93
This is distinctive branched tree like white matter tracts within the cerebellum.
Arbor vitae
94
This lobe of the cerebellum adjusts posture to maintain balance.
Flocculonodular lobe
95
These connect the cerebellum to the brain stem and are ipsilateral fibers. They allow communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the CNS.
Cerebellum peduncles
96
This encircles the upper brain stem and is a complex system of nerves and networks in the brain that control basic emotions and drives.
Limbic system
97
This part of the limbic system recognizes danger and fear.
Amygdaloid
98
This part of the limbic system controls emotional expressions and resolving mental conflicts. It’s why you smile when happy or frown when upset.
Cingulate gyrus
99
This part of the limbic system is the center of emotion.
Hippocampus
100
Is a diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brain stem connecting the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum and controls arousal of the brain. Can be inhibited by sleep centers.
Reticular formation
101
This records general electrical activity in different areas of the brain.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
102
These are patterns of neuronal activity in the cortex.
Brain waves
103
What are the 4 types of brain waves?
Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta
104
This brain wave indicates a calm relaxed state of wakefulness.
Alpha wave
105
This brain wave indicates concentrations to one particular thing.
Beta wave
106
This type of wave is common in children but not adults. Will see if an adult is intensely frustrated.
Theta waves
107
This type of brain wave indicates deep sleep or brain damage (in awake adults)
Delta waves
108
What is the clinical continuum of consciousness?
Alertness—> drowsiness/lethargy—> stupor—> coms
109
Sleep cycle is controlled by the______.
Hypothalamus
110
What are the 2 types of sleep?
Non rapid eye movement (NREM)
| Rapid eye movement (REM)
111
REM sleep occurs after stage ___ NREM sleep which is the dreaming stage.
4
112
Nightmares originate in which 2 stages of NREM?
3&4
113
Which is the shortest REM period?
| The longest?
First period
| Last period
114
Why is REM sleep important?
For normal cognitive function
115
This is loss of language ability due to damage of the brain.
Aphasia
116
Functions linked to speech. Lesions leading to loss of speech but understanding is spared.
Brocas area
117
Important for language development. Lesions lead to the inability to understand language but speaking is unaffected.
Wernickes area
118
This is working memory and is limited in capacity. An example is remembering a phone number you just looked up.
Short term memory.
119
This is permanent storage with unlimited capacity.
Long term memory
120
The transfer of information from short term to long term memory depends on what 4 things?
1. Emotional state
2. Rehearsal
3. Association
4. Automatic memory
121
What are the two categories of memory? Which is easy to forget?
Declarative- facts- easy to forget
| Nondeclarative- experiences- hard to forget
122
A occurs during learning and is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent activity. The number and size of presynaptic terminals may increase and more neurotransmitter is released.
Long term potentiation (LTP)
123
These are 3 membranous envelopes that surround the brain and spinal cord. They protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses.
Meninges
124
What are the 3 meningeal membranes in order from superficial to deep?
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
125
This is meningeal later that is a thick two layered fibrous connective tissue and is most superficial.
Dura mater
126
These are the 2 layers of dura mater? One is the inner surface of the dura mater called? One is the external covering of CNS?
Periosteal layer
| Meningeal layer
127
The meningeal layer of the dura mater contains what two structures?
Dural sinuses- collect venous blood
| Dural septa- partitions dividing cranial cavity.
128
What are the 3 partitions of the dural septa? What do they separate?
Falx Cerebri- cerebral hemispheres
Falx Cerebelli- midline partitions over cerebellum- vermis
Tentorium cerebelli- cerebellum from cerebrum
129
Weblike extensions of arachnoid span this space containing cerebrospinal fluid
Subarachnoid space
130
These protrude through the dura into the superior Sagittarius sinus to allow the absorption of CSF into the blood.
Arachnoid villi
131
This is a delicate connective tissue that adheres to be outer layers of the brain and spinal cord.
Pia mater
132
This fluid helps protect the CNS from trauma, helps to nourish it and carries chemical signals from one part of the brain to another.
Cerebrospinal fluid
133
Cerebrospinal fluid is made by what? And is made up of what type of cells?
Choroid plexus in the roof of each ventricle.
| Ependymal cells
134
This is a protective mechanism to maintain stable brain environment. It is made up of astrocytes.
Blood brain barrier
135
Blood is separated from the brain by what 3 aspects?
1. Endothelium of capillaries
2. Thick basal lamina
3. Astrocytes wrapping capillaries
136
The blood brain barrier is a selective barrier only allowing what to pass through?
1. Glucose
2. Essential amino acids
3. Some electrolytes
137
This is a progressive form of dementia that usually effects the cortex first. Memory is first lost and as it worsens it becomes lethal.
Alzheimer’s disease
138
This is a loss of dopamine neurons in the SN.
Parkinson’s disease
139
This is degeneration if the basal nuclei.
Huntington’s chorea
140
What are the 2 plates of the spinal cord?
Roof (alar) plate
| Floor plate
141
This plate of the spinal cord is made of interneurons.
Roof (alar) plate
142
This plate of the spinal cord has motor neurons and interneurons.
Floor plate
143
What is the function of the two plates of the spinal cord?
Releases chemical signals to generate different types of spinal neurons.
144
The spinal cord extends from ____ to ____.
Medulla to L1-2 vertebra
145
The spinal cord terminates as the _____?
Conus medularris
146
This connects the conus medullaris to the coccyx.
Filum terminale
147
There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves that attach to the cord by dorsal and central roots.
31
148
This part of the spinal cord control limb muscles.
Cervical and lumbar enlargements.
149
This is the lumbar and sacral nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord
Cauda equina
150
Central roots of the spinal cord have motor neuron _____.
Axons
151
Dorsal roots of the spinal cord have axons from ____ sensory neurons.
Peripheral
152
This is the fusion of ventral and dorsal roots.
Spinal nerve
153
These are cell bodies of sensory neurons in the spinal cord.
Dorsal root ganglia
154
What are the 4 gray matter zones of the spinal cord?
1. Somatic sensory
2. Somatic motor
3. Visceral sensory
4. Visceral motor
155
These are major pathways between the brain and the periphery and are divided into 3 funiculi each of which contains several tracts of axons.
White matter tracts
156
Most spinal tracts cross from one side to the other... this is known as?
Decussate
157
This is a sensory/nerve pathway that goes upward from the spinal cord toward the brain carrying sensory information from the body to the brain.
Ascending pathways
158
This ascending pathway is sensory to pain and temperature.
Lateral spinothalamic
159
This ascending pathway is sensory to crude touch and pressure and is under the ventral horns.
Anterior spinothalamic
160
This ascending pathway is sensory to discrimative touch, pressure and body sense. This would be the ability to determine if 2 places are being touched at the same times and can test for spinal cord injry.
Fasciculus cuneatus and faciculus gracilis
161
What are the two ascending pathways in the cerebellum?
1. Posterior spinocerebellum
| 2. Anterior spinocerebellum
162
This is a sensory/nerve pathway that goes down the spinal cord and allows the brain to control movement of the body below the head.
Descending Pathways
163
This descending pathway are pyramidal cells of motor cortex and neurons of subcutical nuclei (brain).
Upper Motor Neurons
164
This descending pathway is ventral horn motor neurons located in either the anterior grey column, anterior nerve roots (spinal lower motor neurons) or the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem and cranial nerves with motor function (spinal cord)
Lower Motor Neurons
165
This is a direct descending pathway that connects upper motor neuron (pyramidal cells) with lower motor neurons (motor neurons and interneurons).
Corticospinal (pyramidal)
166
This is a descending pathway that the head moves in response to visual stimuli.
Tectospinal
167
This is a descending pathway that maintains balance.
Vestibulospinal
168
This is a descending pathway that controls flexor muscles (red nucleus).
Rubrospinal
169
This is a descending pathway that visceral muscle controls (reticular formation).
Reticulospinal
170
This is a type of paralysis where damage to ventral root or horn causes complete relaxation of muscle.
Flaccid paralysis
171
This is a type of paralysis where there is damage to the upper motor neurons causing complete contraction.
Spastic paralysis
172
This is a type of paralysis where there is transection between T1-L1 and effects the lower limbs.
Paraplegia
173
This is a type of paralysis where all limbs area effected.
Quadriplegia
174
This is where the polio virus destroys the ventral horn motor neurons.
Poliomyelitis
175
This is a progressive destruction of upper and lower motor neurons, also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
