Final Exam Review Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What are the levels of structural organization beginning with the most basic?
A
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
2
Q
What organ systems are involved in homeostasis?
A
Endocrine
Nervous
3
Q
Frontal/ coronal plane divides?
A
Anterior
Posterior
4
Q
Horizontal/ transverse plane divides
A
Inferior and superior
5
Q
Sagittal plane divides?
Mid?
Para?
A
Left and right
Equal left and right
Unequal left and right
6
Q
Oblique plane divides?
A
Any angled plane
7
Q
Anterior
A
Ventral
8
Q
Posterior
A
Dorsal
9
Q
Superior
A
Cranial
10
Q
Inferior
A
Caudal
11
Q
Which organs are found in the dorsal body cavity?
A
Brain and spine
12
Q
Which organs are found in the ventral body cavity?
A
Heart and lungs
Digestive organs
Reproductive organs
Rectum
13
Q
These are hydrated carbons that are a major source of energy via oxidation.
A
Carbohydrates
14
Q
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
A
- Monosaccharides- simple sugars
- Disaccharides- 2 simple sugars
- Polysaccharides- polymers of glucose
15
Q
What are the 3 monosaccharides?
A
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
16
Q
What are the types of disaccharides?
A
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
17
Q
What are the 2 types of polysaccharides?
A
Starch
Glycogen
18
Q
These are building blocks of proteins. There are only 20 used by the human body.
A
Amino acids
19
Q
What are the 3 structures in an amino acid?
A
- Amine Group -NH2
- Functional (r) group with -CH
- Acid Group -COOH
20
Q
These are water insoluble organic solvent and lipid soluble. Contain less oxygen than carbs.
A
Lipids
21
Q
What are the 4 types of lipids?
A
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Eicosanoids
22
Q
Lipids can be either saturated or unsaturated. What does this mean?
A
Saturated is a single carbon bond
Unsaturated is a double carbon bond
23
Q
This is a lipid that are 3 fatty acids with a glycerol backbone
A
Triglycerides.
24
Q
This lips contains phosphorous and is a modified triglyceride and is used in the cell membrane.
A
Phospholipids
25
This is a lipid derives from cholesterol. Contains 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings.
Steroids
26
This type of lipid is derived from arachnodonic cells. They are prostaglandins and leukotriens which regulate inflammation.
Eicosanoids
27
Monosaturated
1 double bond
28
Polysaturated
>1 double bond
29
This is genetic material in the cell that directs protein synthesis. It duplicates its self before cell division and is a double coiled structure.
DNA
30
What are the 3 parts of a DNA molecule?
1. Sugar- deoxyribose
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogen base
31
What are the 4 nitrogen bases for DNA and their pairs?
Cytosine and guanine
| Adenine and thymine
32
Wha lt is the backbone of DNA?
Sugar phosphate backbone
33
This carries genetic instruction and it a single strand either straight or folded.
RNA
34
What are the 3 parts of RNA?
1. Sugar- ribose
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogen base
35
What are the 4 nitrogen bases for RNA?
Cytosine and guanine
| Adenine and uracil
36
Where are carbohydrates in the body?
Muscles or liver
37
Where are amino acids found in the body?
Eliminated through excretion
38
Where are lipids found in the body?
Fat cells
| Adipocytes- adipose tissue
39
Where is DNA found in the body?
The nucleus
40
Where is RNA found in the body?
Cytoplasm
41
What is acidic on the pH scale?
Neutral?
Basic?
0-6 acidic
7 neutral
8-14 basic
42
Acids have a ____ concentration of hydrogen H+ ions and bases have a _____ concentration of hydrogen H+ ions.
High
| Low
43
Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life. The continuity of life is cellular. This describes what?
Cell theory.
44
What are the 3 types of cell junctions found in the plasma membrane?
1. Tight junctions
2. Desmosomes
3. Gap junctions.
45
These are impermeable junctions that prevent molecules from passing through. They are found in the epithelial of the digestive tract.
Tight junctions
46
These are anchoring junctions that reduce that chances of tissues tearing. They are found in the skin and heart muscle.
Desmosomes
47
These cell junctions are direct communicators between cells. There are small openings for ions, simple sugars and small molecules to diffuse. They are found in the heart, smooth muscle and developing neurons.
Gap Junctions
48
This occurs when water concentration is unequal between the extracellular and intracellular space. The membrane must be permeable to water molecules and impermeable to dilute molecules because it is the solutes that cannot freely pass through the membrane that are osmotically active.
Osmosis
49
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive transport requires no energy input where active transport requires energy from ATP.
50
Na+ has a high concentration _____ the cell and a low concentration ____
Outside
| Inside
51
K+ has a high concentration ____ the cell and a low concentration _____.
Inside
| Outside
52
How does the sodium potassium ATPase work?
A channel is open to the intracellular space where 3 sodium ions attache itself. An ATP then gives its energy to close the channel which opens to the extracellular space. The sodium exits and 2 potassium ions enter and then open to the extracellular space.
53
Describe the pathway through the organelles that a protein will follow while it is being made. From ribosomes to plasma membrane.
1. Ribosomes package the DNA
2. ER transports the protein in the cell
3. Golgi apparatus moves the protein from the ER to outside of the cell where a vesicles has broken off carrying the protein.
4. Plasma membrane transports the protein on the surface and sends out messenger proteins to other cells.
54
This is the most abundant cell in the epidermis. It is a tough fibrous protein that protects against acids, bases and scrapes. Desmosomes connects them to each other. Less deep, more superficial
Keratins
55
Where are sensory receptors located in the skin?
Merkel cells deep in the epidermis
Hair follicle receptors
Pacinian receptors deep in the dermis or subcutaneous layer
56
What are the 2 main structures to a long bone?
1. Diaphysis
| 2. Epiphysis
57
This is the shaft of the long bone made up of thick bone around medullary cavity it contains yellow marrow (fat) in adults.
Diaphysis
58
This is the ends of a long bone. It is composed of compact bone surrounding spongy bone.
Epiphysis
59
This separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis.
Epiphyseal line
60
This is the outer surface of a long bone. It is a fibrous layer that contains irregular connective tissue and an osteogenic layer that contains osteoblasts and osteo clasts.
Periosteum
61
This is the inner portion of a long bone that contains connective tissue with osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
Endosteum
62
Where are long bones found?
Limbs
63
Where are flat bones found?
skull, ribs, shoulder blades, clavicle
64
How do flat bones develop?
Intramembranous Ossification
65
Compact and spongy bones develop from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. Mesenchymal cells them gather and form into osteoblasts. Osteoids are secreted withinthe fibrous membrane and calsifies. Woven bone and periosteum form. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.
What is this process?
Intramembranous Ossification
66
These are articulating bones seperated by fluid filled cavity. They are found in all limb joints and are diarthrotic.
Synovial joints
67
What are the parts of the synovial joints?
```
Articular cartilage
Joint (synovial) cavity
Articular capsule
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments
```
68
What are the 3 types of joints?
1. Synarthoses
2. Amphiartroses
3. Diarthroses
69
This is an immovable joint.
Synarthroses
70
This is a slightly moveable joint.
Amphiarthoses
71
This is a freely moveable joint.
Diarthoses
72
What does non axial mean and which types of joints are non axial?
sliding across bone
| place joint
73
What does uniaxial mean and which types of joints are uniaxial?
moving in one plane
1. hinge joint
2. pivot joint
74
What does mulitaxial mean and which types of joints are mulitaxial?
moves in all 3 planes
| 1. ball and socket
75
What does biaxial mean and which types of joints are biaxial?
moves in 2 planes
1. condylar joint
2. saddle joint
76
This joint moves side to side
gliding
77
This is decreasing an angle.
flexion
78
This is the increase in an angle.
extension
79
This is turning the bone along its axis.
rotation
80
This is moving away from the midline.
Abduction
81
This is moving toward the midline.
Adduction
82
This conducts impulses from the surface of the cell down into the cell to the terminal cisternae.
T-tubules
83
Each of this type of fiber has a long cyndrilical cell with multiple nuclei just under the sarcolemma. It has a sarcoplasm ( muscle cell plasma membrane) that contains large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin. It also contains myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum and t-tubules.
Skeletal muscle fibers
84
This muscle concraction has no change in length.
Isometric
85
This muscle contraction has a change in length but no change in tension.
isotonic
86
What are the 3 pathways ATP is made for muscle contraction and relaxation?
1. Creatine phosphorylation
2. Glycolysis
3. Aerobis respiration
87
This is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies.
Motor unit
88
Describe slow oxidative fibers.
red
| slow contraction and slow velocity
89
Describe fast oxidative fibers.
red/pink
| fast contraction and intermediate velocity
90
Describe fast glycolytic fibers.
white
| fast contraction and fast velocity
91
This is the part of the cell body that connects the axons.
axon hillock
92
This is the cell membrane surrounding an axon. It is responsible for maintaining the membrane potential of the neuron.
Axolemma
93
These are gaps in the neuron between schwann cells.
Nodes of Ranvier
94
What role does myelin play in the speed of transmission of action potentials?
Myelination increases the speed of transmission of nerve impulses conduction.
95
What types of channels are activated during EPSP?
1. Ligand gated
2. voltage
3. mechanical
4. leakage
96
What is at work to maintain resting membrane potential?
Sodium potassium ion pump. K+ is most important for generating resting membrane potential.
97
Which ions are moving into the cell during the phases of action potential?
Na+ moves into the cell during depolarization
98
Which ions move out of the cell during the phases of action potential?
K+ moves out of the cell during repolarization
