Ch. 12 Trace Minerals

Question 1

trace minerals include _____

Answer 1

iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, iodine, fluoride, chromium, molybdenum

Question 2

trace minerals are needed in this amount ______

Answer 2

less than 20mg/day

Question 3

trace minerals are _____ because they are _____

Answer 3

difficult to study, difficult to remove from diet

Question 4

what is a concern for trace minerals?

Answer 4

rate of bioavailability

Question 5

____ is the iron-containing compound in the blood

Answer 5

hemoglobin

Question 6

___ is from animal products

___ is from plant AND animal, products/iron cookware

Answer 6

heme iron, non-heme iron

Question 7

(heme/nonheme) iron is more efficiently absorbed

Answer 7

heme iron

Question 8

where is iron from diet absorbed?

Answer 8

into the intestinal mucosal cells

Question 9

top 3 iron sources (diet)

Answer 9

lentils, cooked spinach, sunflower seeds/whole-wheat bread

Question 10

how is heme iron absorbed?

Answer 10

as part of the heme group

Question 11

how is nonheme iron absorbed?

Answer 11

in the ferrous form (dietary factors may enhance/inhibit)

Question 12

excess iron is stored primarily in the ____, bound to ____

Answer 12

liver, ferritin

Question 13

the major iron storage protein

Answer 13

ferritin

Question 14

an iron transport protein in the blood

Answer 14

transferrin

Question 15

an insoluble iron storage compound produced by the body when iron exceeds the storage capacity of ferritin

Answer 15

hemosiderin

Question 16

two oxygen-containing proteins, ____ and ___, contain iron

Answer 16

hemoglobin and myoglobin

Question 17

most of the iron in the body is part of _____

Answer 17

hemoglobin

Question 18

between iron in RBC, iron stores, and iron in plasma, how does iron deficiency progress?

Answer 18

iron stores (all) –> iron in plasma (~90%) –> iron in RBC

Question 19

when iron is deficient, _____ cannot be stored

Answer 19

hemoglobin

Question 20

iron-deficiency anemia is when there is insufficient ______, and RBC are ____ and _____ and unable to deliver sufficient oxygen to tissues

Answer 20

hemoglobin, microcytic, hypochromic

Question 21

it is estimated that around __% of the world’s population may be iron deficient and __% suffer from iron deficiency anemia

Answer 21

80%, 30%

Question 22

UL for iron intake

Answer 22

45mg/day from all sources

Question 23

iron poisoning can cause…

Answer 23

• intestinal lining damage
• body pH abnormalities
• shock
• liver failure

Question 24

the most common form of iron overload

Answer 24

hemochromatosis

Question 25

iron overload can happen _____ and accumulates in tissues such as ____

Answer 25

over time, heart/liver

Question 26

zinc is essential for ______

Answer 26

growth and development

Question 27

which is better for getting zinc: animal or plant sources?

Answer 27

animal sources

Question 28

zinc can be bound to ____

Answer 28

phytates

Question 29

zinc is the most abundant ____ trace element

Answer 29

intracellular

Question 30

zinc is involved in the functioning of over 300 enzymes, including ______

Answer 30

superoxide dismutase

Question 31

superoxide dismutase is important for what?

Answer 31

protecting cells from free radical damage

Question 32

dietary sources of zinc (top 3)

Answer 32

beef, crab, lentils

Question 33

____ helps regulate zinc intake

Answer 33

metallothionein

Question 34

___ may be important in helping to prevent certain types of anemia

Answer 34

copper

Question 35

richest dietary source of copper: _____

Answer 35

organ meat

Question 36

____ can decrease the bioavailability of copper. how?

Answer 36

zinc. metallothioein preferentially binds to copper, limiting its absorption

Question 37

best source of manganese

Answer 37

whole grains, nuts

Question 38

manganese, like copper and zinc, is needed for the activity of a form of _______

Answer 38

superoxide dismutase

Question 39

maganese is a constituent of _____

Answer 39

some enzymes, activator of other enzymes

Question 40

the selenium content of plant foods are depends on the ____________

Answer 40

selenium content of the soil in which they are grown

Question 41

symptoms of selenium deficiency

Answer 41

muscular discomfort, weakness; also can lead to Keshan disease (affects heart muscle)

Question 42

top 3 selenium sources (diet)

Answer 42

crab, salmon, spaghetti

Question 43

selenium helps in ________ which neutralizes _____ (no _____ formation)

Answer 43

glutathione peroxidase, peroxides, no free radical

Question 44

iodine content of food depends on ___________

Answer 44

the soil where plants are grown or where animals graze

Question 45

soil near the higher is (lower/higher) in iodine than soil inland

Answer 45

higher

Question 46

"natural" sea salt may be very (low/high) in iodine

Answer 46

low

Question 47

most of iodine in high comes from...

Answer 47

iodized (fortified) salt

Question 48

more than half of the iodine in the body is found in the _______. iodine is an important component of this: ____-

Answer 48

thyroid gland, thyroxine

Question 49

why is iodine important in thyroxine?

Answer 49

it needs 4 iodine units

Question 50

consuming diets high in _______, such as cabbage/cassava/millet, limits bioavailability of iodine

Answer 50

goitrogens

Question 51

iodine deficiency may result in hereditary _____

Answer 51

cretinism

Question 52

iodine UL for adults

Answer 52

1100 micrograms/day

Question 53

dietary sources of chromium

Answer 53

brewer's years, liver, nuts, and whole grains

Question 54

what is chromium involved in?

Answer 54

carbohydrate/lipid metabolism

Question 55

cooking in _______ can increase chromium content

Answer 55

stainless steel

Question 56

______ is important for dental health; present in ______

Answer 56

dental health; almost all soil/water/plants/animals

Question 57

common sources of fluoride

Answer 57

- fluoridated water - tea - canned sardines/salmon

Question 58

too much fluoride (_____mg/day or greater in children) causes _____

Answer 58

2-8mg/day, fluorosis

Question 59

iron loss (is/is not) regulated

Answer 59

is not

Question 60

inborn error of metabolism, most common overload of iron

Answer 60

hemochromatosis

Question 61

zinc goes into the intestinal mucosal cell via...

Answer 61

ZIP4 transporter

Question 62

cytosolic superoxide dismutase contains...

Answer 62

copper AND zinc

Question 63

Manganese toxicity impacts the...

Answer 63

CNS