ch 13 & 14 (genetic engineering & the human genome)

Question 1

how many automates and sex chromosomes dose the human have

Answer 1

autosomes: 44

sex chromosome:2

Question 2

female

Answer 2

XX

Question 3

male

Answer 3

XY

Question 4

what do breeding charts show

Answer 4

the relationships within a family

Question 5

transgenic organisms

Answer 5

organisms that contain DNA from other organisms

Question 6

what does cloning result in

Answer 6

results in organisms with the same DNA as the parent organism

Question 7

recombinant DNA

Answer 7

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources (taking a gene from one organism and attaching it to the DNA of another organism)

Question 8

Genetic Engineering

Answer 8

process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms; a new technology that humans can use in order to alter the genome in organisms

Question 9

what is Genetic Engineering also know as

Answer 9

GEne Manipulation

Question 10

selective breeding

Answer 10

a method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
(which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation organisms, to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.)

Question 11

inbreeding

Answer 11

the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.

Question 12

hybridization

Answer 12

crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.

Question 13

restriction enzymes

Answer 13

enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

Question 14

what is the ultimate source of genetic variations?

Answer 14

mutations

Question 15

how can breeders increase the genetic variation in a population

Answer 15

by inducing mutations,

Question 16

what is an example of selective breeding

Answer 16

Nearly all domestic animals—including horses, cats, and farm animals—and most crop plants have been produced by selective breeding.

Question 17

How are changes made to DNA?

Answer 17

Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules. Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA.

Question 18

gel electrophoresis aka fingerprinting

Answer 18

procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

Question 19

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 19

technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene

Question 20

plasmid

Answer 20

a small circular piece of DNA

Question 21

genetic marker

Answer 21

gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don’t

Question 22

cloning

Answer 22

the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means

Question 23

karyotype

Answer 23

photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs

Question 24

polyploidy

Answer 24

condition in which an organism has extras sets of chromosomes

Question 25

why must the father of a girl who is colorblind must also be colorblind

Answer 25

because in order for a female to be colorblind it needs 2 recessive alleles. One will need to come from the father , meaning he is colorblind because there is not another X chromosome to cover up the recessive allele

Question 26

transgenic

Answer 26

organisms that contain genes from other species

Question 27

clone

Answer 27

a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

Question 28

sex chromosomes

Answer 28

one or two chromosomes that determine an idividulas sex (x and Y)

Question 29

autosome

Answer 29

chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Question 30

pedigree

Answer 30

a chart that shows relationships within a family

Question 31

sex-linked gene

Answer 31

genes located on the X and Y chromosomes

Question 32

nondisjunction

Answer 32

error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

Question 33

gene therapy

Answer 33

the process of changing the gene that causes a genetic disorder, an absence or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene

Question 34

what are some genetic disorders nondisjunction can result in

Answer 34

down's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome

Question 35

what do biologists use to cut dna

Answer 35

restriction enzymes

Question 36

how is genetic engineering done? (steps)

Answer 36

1. restriction enzymes are used to cut a segment of DNA from a cell (this segment has the desirable gene) 2. a circular piece is cut away from the other organism's DNA 3. When both pieces from both organisms are mixed, they join in a closed loop 4. the closed loop is inserted into another cell, of the organism that had the circular piece cut away 5. the DNA will produce mRNA which leads to the making of the correct protein. and the DNA, RNA, and proteins will be produced every time the cell divides

Question 37

why do biologists cut a segment of DNA from a call during genetic engineering

Answer 37

this segment has the desirable gene

Question 38

what happens if transformation is successful?

Answer 38

the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.

Question 39

what are the risks of inbreeding

Answer 39

a chance that a cross between 2 individuals will bring together 2 recessive alleles for a genetic defect

Question 40

what would selective breeding be nearly imposible without

Answer 40

the diversity of plants and animals in the wild

Question 41

how does cloning happen? (steps)

Answer 41

1. the nucleus is removed from a egg cell of an organism 2. the nucleus is removed from a skin cell of an organism 3. the nucleus from the skin cell is inserted into the egg cell (which has had the nucleus removed and now had no DNA) 4. this fused cell is put in the right conditions so it can divide normally, creating an embryo 5. the embryo is then inserted into the uterus of the foster mother

Question 42

what occurs during transformation

Answer 42

a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell this external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA

Question 43

why is it 50/50 zygotes will be male or female

Answer 43

because all human egg cells carry a single x chromosme. however, half of all sperm cells carry an x chromosome and half carry a y chromosme

Question 44

what are the disorders caused by recessive alleles

Answer 44

albinism, cystic fibrosis, GALactosemia, Phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs disease

Question 45

disorders caused by D alleles

Answer 45

achondroplasia, Huntington disease, Hypercholesterolemia

Question 46

diorders cause by coD

Answer 46

sickle cell disease

Question 47

what are some sex-linked disorders

Answer 47

colorblindness,Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscualr Dystrophy

Question 48

cystic fibrosis

Answer 48

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Question 49

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 49

analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function , but vary widely from one individual yo another, in order to identify individuals

Question 50

how is a persons blood type determined

Answer 50

by the absence or presence of 2 antigens