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Biology > ch 35&36 (nervous, muscular, skeletal, & Integumentary systems) > Flashcards

ch 35&36 (nervous, muscular, skeletal, & Integumentary systems) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A

controls and coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environments

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2
Q

what structures make up the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

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3
Q

what structures make up the integumentary system?

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

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4
Q

what is the function of the integumentary system?

A

serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps to regulate body temperature; provides protection against UV light from the sun

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5
Q

what structures make up the respiratory system?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

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6
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

provides the oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body

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7
Q

what structures make up the digestive system?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum

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8
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A

converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates waste

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9
Q

what structures make up the excretory system?

A

skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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10
Q

what is the function of the excretory system?

A

eliminates waste products from the body

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11
Q

what structures make up the skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

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12
Q

what is the function of the skeletal system?

A

supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; provides a site for blood cell formation

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13
Q

what structures make up the muscular system?

A

skeletal muscle,smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

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14
Q

what is the function of the muscular system?

A

muscles are able to contract to move different part of the body

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15
Q

what structures make up the circulatory system?

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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16
Q

what is the function of the circulatory system?

A

brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temperature

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17
Q

what structures make up the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes

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18
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

controls growth development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis

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19
Q

what is the function of the reproductive system?

A

produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects developing embryo

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20
Q

what structures make up the lymphatic/immune systems?

A

white blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels

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21
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs

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22
Q

connective tissue

A

holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together

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23
Q

nervous tissue

A

receives and analyzes messages from inside and outside the body

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24
Q

muscle tissue

A

controls internal movement of materials and external movement of the body

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25
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaing a controlled, and stable internal environment

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26
Q

feedback inhibition/negative feedback

A

the process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus

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27
Q

what are the levels of the organization

A

atom, molecule or compound, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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28
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells that perform the same function

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29
Q

dermis

A

inner layer of the skin

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30
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer of the skin

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31
Q

keratin

A

though,fibrous protein found in skin

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32
Q

melanin

A

dark brown pigment found in skin that helps protect the skin from damage by absorbing UV rays from the sun

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33
Q

what are the hair and nails made from

A

keratin

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34
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • found only in the heart

- involuntary (works without conscious control)

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35
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • found in t stomach, blood vessels, and intestines
  • usually involuntary
  • most can function without nervous stimulation
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36
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • usually attached to bone

- voluntary movement

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37
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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38
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

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39
Q

tendons

A

connects muscle to bone, involved in movement

40
Q

resting potential

A

difference in electrical charges across the cell membrane of a resting neuron

41
Q

action potential/ nerve impulse

A

reversal of charges across the cell membrane of a neroun

42
Q

threshold

A

minimum level of a stimulus required to activate a neuron

43
Q

what is the function of the all the organ system working together?

A

maintaining homeostasis

44
Q

neuron

A

a cell that carries messages throught the nervous system

45
Q

synapse

A

the location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell

46
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell

47
Q

reflex

A

a quick automatic response to a stimulus

48
Q

what are the 3 types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

49
Q

sensory neurons

A

transmits impulses from the sensory organs to the central nervous sytem

50
Q

motor neurons

A

transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the muscular glands

51
Q

interneurons

A

transmits impulses between other neurons

52
Q

actin

A

a protein that makes up thin filaments

53
Q

joint

A

a place where one bone attaches to another bone

54
Q

ossification

A

the process in which cartilage is replaced by bone

55
Q

cartilage

A

a type of connective tissue made up of protein fibers such as collagen and flexible elastin

56
Q

bone marrow

A

soft tissue found in bone cavaties

57
Q

periosteum

A

a tough layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone

58
Q

what makes up the central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

59
Q

what makes up the peripheral system

A

all nerves in asociated cells outside the nervous system

60
Q

somatic divisions

A

regulates activities that are under conscious control (you think about it to do it)

61
Q

autonomic divisions

A

regulates activities that are automatic, or involuntary; controls functions that are not always under conscious control

62
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors that are extremely sensitive to light, but they do not distinguish different colors

63
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors that are less sensitive than rods, but they do respond to light of different colors, producing color vision

64
Q

what are the layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

65
Q

what is the top layer of the skin made out of

A

dead cells

66
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic/immune systems?

A

protects the body from disease ; collects fluid from lost blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory system

67
Q

dendrites

A

extensions that branch off from the cell body; receive the impulses

68
Q

how does an impulse begin?

A

when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or the environment

69
Q

meninges

A

connective tissue that surrounnds both the brain and the spinal cord

70
Q

mylein sheath

A

an insulating membrane that surrounds the axon in some neurons; speeds transmission

71
Q

axon

A

long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body

72
Q

brain stem

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord.

heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and swallowing are controlled here

73
Q

cerebellum

A

second largest part of the brain.

coordination and balance are controlled here

74
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain.

responsible for conscious or voluntary activities. site of intelligence,learning’ and judgment

75
Q

thalnamus

A

recieves messages from all of the sensory receptors throughout the body and then relays the information for further processing

76
Q

hypothalamus

A

the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst,fatigue, anger, and body temperature

77
Q

what are the 5 types sensory receptors

A

pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptor

78
Q

mechanical receptors

A

react to changes in presure

79
Q

pupil

A

tiny muscles in the iris adjust the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye

80
Q

lens

A

small muscles that help change its shape to help you adjust your eyes’ focus to near or distant objects

81
Q

retina

A

photoreceptors are arranged in a layer in the retina. The photoreceptors convert light energy into nerve impulses that are carried to the central nervous system.

82
Q

how is your ear involved with balance

A

semicircular canals and the 2 tiny sacs located behind them monitor the position of your head in relation to gravity

83
Q

describe how you touch/feel

A

skin contains sensory receptors that respond to temp., touch and pain

84
Q

describe how you smell

A

chemoreceptors in the lining of the nasal passageway respond to specific chemicals and send impulses to the brain throught sensory nerves

85
Q

bones

A

a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.

86
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate

87
Q

osteoclasts

A

demineralize (removes salt from) bone in the vicinity

88
Q

osteoblasts

A

secret collagen and mineral to lay down new bone in their vicinity

89
Q

how are joints classified?

A

depending on their type of movement; they can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable

90
Q

when does a muscle contract?

A

when the thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments

91
Q

what are the 4 types of joints

A

ball and socket joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, saddle joint

92
Q

describe how bones develop

A

Bone tissue forms as osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits that replace the cartilage in developing bones. When the osteioblasts becomes surrounded by bone tissue they mature into osteocytes.

93
Q

acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synapse and produces an impulse in the cell membrane of a muscle cell

94
Q

haversian canal

A

one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

95
Q

what are the two major glands contained in the dermis

A

sweat glands and sebaceous glands (oil glands)

Biology (13 decks)

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