Ch. 13 - CLASS NOTES

Question 1

2 protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord:

Answer 1

bone (outer covering)

meninges (inner covering)

Question 2

Meninges have 3 membranous layers

Answer 2

1. dura mater (tough mother) - outermost layer
2. arachnoid mater (spider) - in between
3. pia mater (gentle mother) - innermost layer

Question 3

3 spaces exist between and around the meninges

Answer 3

1. epidural
   - between dura mater and bone
2. subdural
   - between dura mater and arachnoid
3. subarachnoid
   - between arachnoid and pia

Question 4

Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Answer 4

• supportive and protective cushion

- reservoir of circulating fluid to detect changes in internal environment

Question 5

4 fluid filled spaces within the brain known as:

Answer 5

ventricles

Question 6

CSF is formed by:

Answer 6

choroid plexuses

Question 7

directional flow of CSF:

Answer 7

from lateral ventricles, to third and down to the fourth ventricle

Question 8

which of the following is deeper and wider? anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

Answer 8

anterior median fissure

Question 9

2 main nerve roots:

Answer 9

1. dorsal

2. ventral

Question 10

what is the function of the dorsal nerve root?

Answer 10

carries sensory information

Question 11

what is the function of the ventral nerve root?

Answer 11

carries motor information

Question 12

where are the interneurons located

Answer 12

spinal cord’s gray matter core

Question 13

a single mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorsal and ventral roots join together is called:

Answer 13

spinal nerve

Question 14

bundle of nerve roots extending down the spinal column

Answer 14

cauda equina

Question 15

gray matter consist predominantly of what?

Answer 15

cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons

Question 16

in transverse section ______ matter looks like an H with the limbs called the anterior, posterior and lateral horns

Answer 16

gray

Question 17

this surrounds the gray matter and is subdivided in each half on the cord into 3 funiculi: anterior, posterior and lateral

Answer 17

white matter

Question 18

three things the names of spinal tracts indicate

Answer 18

location of the tract
originating structure
terminating structure

eg. lateral spinothalamic tract

Question 19

Main function of the spinal cord

Answer 19

conduction routes to and from the brain

Question 20

ascending tracts conduct impulses _____ the cord to the brain

Answer 20

up

Question 21

descending tracts conduct impulses ____ the cord from the brain

Answer 21

down

Question 22

this is the reflex centre for all spinal reflexes which are located in the gray matter

Answer 22

spinal cord

Question 23

3 structures of the brainstem

Answer 23

1. medulla oblongata
2. pons
3. midbrain

Question 24

this is the lowest part of the brainstem

Answer 24

medulla oblongata

Question 25

this is the part of the brain that attaches to the spinal cord

Answer 25

medulla oblongata

Question 26

this is a NETWORK of gray and white matter

Answer 26

reticular formation network

Question 27

this part of the brainstem has 2 bulges of white matter known as PYRAMIDS

Answer 27

medulla oblongata

Question 28

these are known as clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the reticular formation

Answer 28

nuclei

Question 29

what part of the brainstem is the "vital center" of the brain & body

Answer 29

medulla oblongata

Question 30

this part of the brainstem is located above the medulla

Answer 30

pons

Question 31

function of the pons

Answer 31

- autonomic reflexes including respiration | - pneumatic centre

Question 32

this part of the brainstem is located above the pons and below the cerebrum

Answer 32

midbrain

Question 33

function of the midbrain

Answer 33

integration of crainial nerve reflexes such as eye movement

Question 34

this part of the brain is known as "little brain"

Answer 34

cerebellum

Question 35

this is the second largest part of the brain

Answer 35

cerebellum

Question 36

this is located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum

Answer 36

cerebellum

Question 37

internal white matter of the cerebellum; distinctive pattern similar to the veins of a leaf

Answer 37

ARBOR VITAE

Question 38

main function of the cerebellum

Answer 38

planning, posture, balance, coordination

Question 39

What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

Answer 39

1. thalamus 2. hypothalamus 3. pineal gland

Question 40

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 40

Major relay station for sensory impulses

Question 41

This part of the diencephalon plays part in sensation, emotions & arousal

Answer 41

thalamus

Question 42

This is a small but FUNCTIONALLY IMPORTANT area of the brain and is important for survival and enjoyment

Answer 42

Hypothalamus

Question 43

This links the nervous system to the endocrine system

Answer 43

hypothalamus

Question 44

where is the infundibulum located

Answer 44

hypothalamus

Question 45

this regulates and coordinates autonomic activities

Answer 45

hypothalamus

Question 46

this plays a crucial role in water balance, arousal, appetite and maintaining body temperature

Answer 46

hypothalamus

Question 47

this is involved in regulating the body's BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

Answer 47

pineal gland

Question 48

this produces MELATONIN

Answer 48

pineal gland

Question 49

this is the largest and uppermost division of the brain

Answer 49

cerebrum

Question 50

the 5 lobes of the cerebral cortex are

Answer 50

1. frontal 2. parietal 3. temporal 4. occipital 5. insula

Question 51

the outer surface of the _____ _____ is composed of 6 layers of gray matter

Answer 51

cerebral cortex

Question 52

brain sausages

Answer 52

gyri

Question 53

shallow grooves of the brain

Answer 53

sulci

Question 54

deep grooves that divide each cerebral hemisphere into lobes

Answer 54

fissures

Question 55

this part of the cerebrum is responsible for: - thinking - learning - memory - posture - walking

Answer 55

basal nuclei

Question 56

islands of gray matter located deep within the white matter of each hemisphere

Answer 56

basal nuclei

Question 57

3 cerebral tracts that make up the cerebrum's WHITE MATTER

Answer 57

1. projection tracts 2. association tracts 3. commissural tracts

Question 58

this joins the hemispheres

Answer 58

corpus collosum

Question 59

postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

Answer 59

somatic sensory area

Question 60

precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

Answer 60

somatic motor area

Question 61

transverse gyrus of the cerebral cortex

Answer 61

auditory area

Question 62

occiptal lobe of the cerebral cortex

Answer 62

visual area

Question 63

state of awareness of one's self, one's environment, and other human beings

Answer 63

consciousness

Question 64

consciousness depends on excitation of cortical neurons by impulses conducted to them by the:

Answer 64

reticular activating system

Question 65

Language can be affected by lesions in speech centers known as

Answer 65

aphasias

Question 66

Limbic system is also known as the ______ brain

Answer 66

emotional

Question 67

Limbic system plays a key role in _______

Answer 67

memory