Test #1 Flashcards
1
Q
Hypothesis
A
idea or principle to be tested in experiments
2
Q
Experiment
A
series of tests of a hypothesis, a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences
3
Q
Theory
A
A hypothesis that has been proved by experiments to have a high degree of confidence
4
Q
Law
A
a theory that has an unusually high level of confidence
5
Q
Anatomy
A
study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another
6
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
study of the body and its parts that relies only on what the eye can see as a tool for observation
7
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
study of body parts with a microscope
8
Q
Cytology
A
study of cells
9
Q
Histology
A
study of tissues
10
Q
Developmental Anatomy
A
study of human growth and development
11
Q
Pathological Anatomy
A
study of diseased body structures
12
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
study of the body by systems
13
Q
Physiology
A
study of how the body and its parts work or function
14
Q
Subdivisions of Physiology
A
- organism involved
- Organizational Level
- Systemic function
15
Q
Organism Involved
A
human or plant physiology
16
Q
Organizational Level
A
Molecular or cellular physiology
17
Q
Systemic Function
A
respiratory physiology, neurophysiology, or cardiovascular physiology
18
Q
Autopoiesis
A
living organisms are self organized and self maintaining
19
Q
Cell Theory
A
If the entity is made of one or more cells, it is alive
20
Q
Characteristics of Life
A
considered most important in human beings are summarized as responsiveness, conductivity, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, secretion, excretion, circulation, reproduction
21
Q
Metabolism
A
sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body
22
Q
Levels of Organization
List all 7 in order.
A
- Chemical
- Organelle
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organisms
23
Q
Bilateral Symmetry
A
term meaning that right and left sides of the body are mirror images
24
Q
Ipsilateral
A
Structures are on the same side of the body in anatomical position
25
Contralateral
structures are on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position
26
Body Cavities (2)
Ventral and Dorsal
27
Subdivisions of Ventral Cavity (2)
Thoracic: right and left pleural cavities & Mediastinum)
Abdominopelvic: Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities
28
Subdivisions of Dorsal Cavity (2)
Cranial and Spinal Cavity
29
Parts of Axial Subdivision (3)
Head, Neck, Torso
30
Parts of Appendicular Subdivision (2)
Upper and Lower extremities
31
Axial
Main part of Body
32
Appendicular
Limbs
33
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right Upper and Lower; Left Upper and Lower
34
Superior
Up
35
Inferior
Down
36
Anterior
Front
37
Posterior
Back
38
Distal
Away
39
Proximal
closest to point of attachment
40
Medial
Towards
41
Superficial
Near the surface
42
Deep
Away from the surface
43
Lumen
Hollow area of any hollow organ
44
Central
Near the center
45
Peripheral
Around the boundary
46
Medullary
Inner region of the organ
47
Cortical
Outer region or layer of an organ
48
Apical/Apex
Narrow tip of an organ
49
Basal/Base
base, widest part of the organ
50
Sagittal Plane
runs front to back; sections through this plane divide the body into right and left sides
51
Frontal Plane
runs lengthwise and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
52
Transverse
crosswise plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts
53
Somatype
used to describe a particular category of body build
54
Endomorph
Heavy, rounded physique, large accumulations of fat in the trunk and thighs
55
Mesomorph
muscular physique
56
Ectomorph
thin, fragile, little body fat accumulation
57
Homeostasis
used to describe the relatively constant states maintained by the body; internal environment around body cells remains constant
58
Afferent
Towards
59
Efferent
Away=Eff Off
60
Sensor mechanism
specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal
61
Control Center
information is analyzed and integrated and a specific action is initiated to return everything to balance
62
Effector Mechanism
effectors directly influence controlled physiological variables
63
Feedback
process of information about a variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator
64
Negative Feedback Characteristics
- are inhibitory
- Stabilize physiological variables
- Produce an action opposite to the change that activated the system
- Are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
- More common than positive feedback control systems
65
Positive Feedback Characteristics
- are stimulatory
- amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring
- Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupts homeostasis
- Bring specific body functions to swift completion
- labour and blood clotting only!
66
Atrophy
wasting effects of advancing age
67
Abdominal Body Region
Anterior torso below diaphragm
68
Acromial
Shoulder
69
Antebrachial
Forearm
70
Antecubital
Depressed area just in front of elbow
71
Axillary
Armpit
72
Brachial
Upper part of arm
73
Buccal
Cheek (inside)
74
Calcaneal
Heal of Foot
75
Carpal
Wrist
76
Cephalic
Head
77
Cervical
Neck
78
Coxal
Hip
79
Cranial
Skull
80
Manual
Hand
81
Mental
Chin
82
Nasal
Nose
83
Navel
Area around navel
84
Occipital
Back of lower part of skull
85
Olecranal
Back of elbow
86
Oral
Mouth
87
Orbital
Eyes
88
Otic
Ear
89
Palmar
Palm of Hand
90
Patellar
Front of Knee
91
Pedal
Foot
92
Pelvic
Lower portion of torso
93
Crural
Leg
94
Cubital
Elbow
95
Cutaneous
Skin
96
Digital
Fingers or toes
97
Dorsal
Back
98
Facial
Face
99
Femoral
Thigh
100
Frontal
Forehead
101
Gluteal
Butt
102
Hallux
Great toe
103
Inguinal
Groin
104
Lumbar
Lower back
105
Mammary
Tits/Breasts
106
Perineal
Area between anus and genitals
107
Plantar
Sole of foot
108
Pollex
Thumb
109
Popliteal
Area behind knee
110
Pubic
Pubis
111
Supraclavicular
Area above clavicle
112
Sural
Calf
113
Tarsal
Ankle
114
Temporal
Side of skull
115
Thoracic
Chest
116
Zygomatic
Cheek
117
Pathophysiology
organized study of the underlying physiological processes associated with disease
118
Genetic Mechanisms
Altered, or mutated genes can cause abnormal proteins
119
Pathogenic Mechanisms
Particles that damage the body in some way
120
Signs
Objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient
121
Symptoms
abnormalities that are felt only by the patient
122
Syndrome
Collection of different signs and symptoms that occur together
123
Acute
Short term
124
Chronic
Develop slowly and last for a long time
125
Etiology
study of diseases
126
Idiopathic
Diseases with undetermined causes
127
Communicable Diseases
those that can be transmitted from one person to another
128
Pathogenesis
Disease's development
129
Incubation
No signs of symptoms
130
Remission
Reversal of a chronic disease
131
Epidemiology
study of the occurence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations
132
Endemic
Diseases that is native to a local region
133
Epidemic
Disease spreads to many individuals in a relatively short time
134
Pandemic
epidemics that affect large geographic regions
135
Biochemistry
field of chem that deals with living organisms and life processes
136
Organic Compounds Characteristics (3)
- Contain Carbon
- Covalently Bonded
- Includes carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
137
Inorganic Compounds Characteristics (3)
- No Carbon
- Simple compounds
- Water, electrolytes
138
Matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
139
Element
substance that cannot be broken down into 2 or more different substances
140
Compound
atoms of two or more elements joined to form chemical combinations. Can be broken down.
141
Atomic Structure
atoms contain several different kinds of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons
142
Atomic Number
Number of protons in an atom's nucleus
143
Atomic Weight
Mass of a single atom
144
Cloud Model
Electrons form a cloud around the nucleus
145
Bohr Model
model resembling planets revolving around the sun.
146
Chemically Inert
not chemically active
147
Octet Rule
atoms with fewer than 8 or more than 8 electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain or share electrons
148
Radioactive Isotopes
unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particles and radiation
149
Isotopes
element contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
150
Chemical Reaction
interaction btw 2 or more atoms that occurs as a result of activity between electrons in their outermost energy levels
151
Molecule
2 or more atoms joined together
152
Compound
molescules formed by atoms of two or more elements
153
Ionic Bond
formed by transfer of electrons, strong electrostatic force that binds positive/negatively charged together
154
Covalent Bond
formed by sharing electrons pairs between atoms
155
Hydrogen Bond
much weaker than ionic or covalent
156
Synthesis Reaction
combo or 2 or more substances to form a more complex substance, formation of new chemical bonds
157
Decomposition Reaction
breakdown of a substance into 2 or more simpler substances
158
Exchange Reaction
Decomposition of two substances and in exchange synthesis of two new compounds
159
Catabolism
breakdown with water=hydrolysis
160
Anabolism
join, taking water out=dehydration synthesis
161
Water Characteristics (6)
Most abundant!!!
- Polarity
- High Heat
- High Boiling Point
- High Vaporization
- Cohesion
- Solvent
162
pH Scale
Below 7=Acidic
7=Neutral
Above 7=Basic
163
Monosaccharides
simple sugars with short carbon chains
164
Disaccharides
Double simple sugars
165
Polysaccharide
Complex sugars
166
Meaning of "lysis"
breaking apart
167
Tissue
Group of similar cells that perform a common function
168
Matrix
Non living intercellular material
169
Major Tissues of the Body (4)
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
170
Extracellular Matrix
is a complex, nonliving material between cells in a tissue
171
Components of Extracellular Matrix
- Water
- Proteins
- Structural proteins..gives shape!
172
Parietal Membranes
line closed body cavities
173
Visceral membranes
cover visceral organs
174
Pleura
surrounds lungs
175
Peritoneum
Covers the abdominal viscera and lines the abdo cavity
