Ch. 7 - Skeletal Tissues Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
5 functions of bone
A
- support
- protection
- movement
- mineral storage
- hematopoiesis
2
Q
which function of bone is characterized by: bones form the framework of the body and contribute to the shape, alignment and positioning of body parts; ligaments help hold bones together
A
support
3
Q
which function of bone is characterized by: bony ‘boxes’ protect the delicate structures they enclose
A
protection
4
Q
which function of bone is characterized by: bones with their joints constitute levers that move as muscles contract
A
movement
5
Q
which function of bone is characterized by: bones are the majore reservoir of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals
A
mineral storage
6
Q
which function of bone is characterized by: blood cell formation is carried out by myeloid tissue
A
hematopoiesis
7
Q
5 major types of bones
A
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- sesamoid bones
8
Q
bones vary in the proportion of ___________ and ___________ (spongy) bone
A
compact, cancellous
9
Q
what is spongy bone known as?
A
cancellous
10
Q
______________ bone is dense and solid in appearance
A
compact
11
Q
______________ bone is characterized by open space partially filled with needlelike structures
A
cancellous
12
Q
6 parts of long bone
A
- diaphysis
- epiphyses
- articular cartilage
- periosteum
- medullary cavity
- endosteum
13
Q
this part of long bone is characterized by: main shaft of a long bone, hollow, cylindrical shape and thick compact bone
A
diaphysis
14
Q
this part of long bone is characterized by: function is to provide strong support without cumbersome weight
A
diaphysis
15
Q
this part of long bone is characterized by: both ends of a long bone; made of cancellous bone filled with marrow; bulbous shape
A
epiphyses
16
Q
this part of long bone is characterized by: function is to provide attachments for muscles and give stability to joints
A
epiphyses
17
Q
2 types of marrow
A
- yellow (fatty)
2. red (blood cell formation)
18
Q
this part of long bone is characterized by: layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of epiphyses; function is to cushion jolts and blows
A
articular cartilage
19
Q
this part of long bone is characterized by: dense, white fibrous membrane that covers the bone; attaches tendones firmly to bones
A
periosteum
20
Q
this part of long bone is characterized by: contains cells that form and destroy bone; contains blood vessels important to growth and repair; contains blood vessels that send branches into bones
A
periosteum
21
Q
this part of long bone is characterized by: essential for bone cell survival and bone formation
A
periosteum
22
Q
this part of long bone is characterized by: tubelike, hollow space in the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow in adults
A
medullary cavity
23
Q
this part of long bone is characterized by: think, fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity
A
endosteum
24
Q
2 parts of flat bone:
A
- inner portion is cancellous bone covered with compact bone
- spaces inside cancellous bone is filled with red marrow
25
cranial flat bones have an internal and external table of compact bone and inner cancellous region is called the:
diploe
26
flat bones are covered with _____________ and lined with ________________, same as the long bone
periosteum, endosteum
27
bone is the most distinctive form of ______________ tissue
connective
28
extracellular components of bone tissue are hard and _______________
calcified
29
_____________ of bone gives it supportive and protective functions
rigidity
30
bone is very ____________; nearly equal to that of cast iron
strong
31
2 main components of bone matrix:
1. inorganic salts
| 2. organic matrix
32
2 most abundant inorganic salts that contribute to bone hardness
calcium, phosphate
33
4 other inorganic salts found in bone matrix:
magnesium, sodium, sulfate, fluoride
34
composite of collagenous fibers and amorphous mixture of protein and polysaccharides found in the bone matrix is called:
ground substance
35
ground substance is secreted by ___________ tissue cells
connective
36
this adds to the overal strength of bone and gives some degree of resilience to bone
organic matrix
37
what are the structural units of compact bone?
osteons (aka haversion systems)
38
what permits delivery of nutrients and removal of waste?
osteons
39
4 structures that make up an osteon:
1. lamellae
2. lacunae
3. canaliculi
4. central canal
40
in an osteon, this is the structure that is characterized as: layers of hard bone matrix
lamellae
41
in an osteon, this is the structure that is characterized as: small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells are located between hard layers of lamella
lacunae
42
in an osteon, this is the structure that is characterized as: ultra-small canals radiating in all directions from the lacunae and connecting them to each other and to the central canal
canaliculi
43
in an osteon, this is the structure that is characterized as: extends lengthwise through the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
central (osteonal or Haversian) canal
44
true or false
| there are no osteons in cancellous bone
true
45
what does cancellous bone have instead of osteons?
trabeculae
46
bony branches (trabeculae) are arranged along ________ of __________ to enhance bone's strength
lines of stress
47
3 types of bone cells
1. osteoblasts
2. osteoclasts
3. osteocytes
48
what cell is bone-forming?
osteoblasts
49
what cell breaks down bones?
osteoclasts
50
what cell is responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals?
osteoclasts
51
what bone cells do not divide?
osteocytes
52
where do you find osteocytes
lying within lacunae
53
what is bone marrow also called
myeloid tissue
54
type of soft, diffuse connective tissue found in the medullary cavities of long bones and in the space of spongy bone
bone marrow
55
2 types of bone marrow
1. red marrow
| 2. yellow marrow
56
the type of marrow found in all bones in an infant or child's body
red marrow
57
the type of marrow that produces red blood cells
red marrow
58
the main bones in an adult that still contain red marrow
ribs, vertebrae bodies, humerus, pelvis and femur
59
as an individual ages, red marrow is replaced by this
yellow marrow
60
in this kind of marrow cells become saturated with fat and are no longer active in blood cell production
yellow
61
yellow marrow can change to red marrow during times of decreased ____________ ______________
blood supply
62
what system is a storehouse for body calcium
skeletal
63
calcium is mobilized and moves in and out of blood during __________ _____________
bone remodelling
64
4 reasons calcium homeostasis is important
1. bone formation, remodelling and repair
2. blood clotting
3. transmission of nerve impulses
4. maintenance of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction
65
2 hormones associated with calcium homeostasis
1. parathyroid hormone
| 2. calcitonin
66
what is known as the development of bone from small cartilage model to adult bone
osteogenesis
67
2 kinds of bone formation
1. intramembranous ossification
| 2. endochondral ossification
68
formation of flat bones
intramembranous ossification
69
formation of long bones
endochondral ossification
70
in endochondral ossification there are 2 ossification centers:
1. primary (in the middle of the bone)
| 2. secondary (at the end of the bones)
71
Epiphyseal plate is composed of 4 layers
1. “Resting” cartilage cells
2. Zone of proliferation
3. Zone of hypertrophy
4. Zone of calcification
72
part of the epiphyseal plate characterized as the: point of attachment joining the epiphysis to the shaft
“Resting” cartilage cells
73
part of the epiphyseal plate characterized as the: cartilage cells undergoing active mitosis, which causes the layer to thicken and the plate to increase in length
Zone of proliferation
74
part of the epiphyseal plate characterized as the: older, enlarged cells undergoing degenerative changes associated with calcium deposition
Zone of hypertrophy
75
part of the epiphyseal plate characterized as the: dead or dying cartilage cells undergoing rapid calcification
Zone of calcification
76
Epiphyseal plate can be a site for bone fractures in __________ people
young
77
Long bones grow in both _________ and ___________
length, diameter
78
Bone growing in length is known as:
interstitial growth
79
Bone growing in diameter is known as:
appositional growth
80
Which kind of growth continues through lifetime
appositional growth
81
true or false:
| bone remodelling happens throughout life
true
82
Bones grow in length and diameter by the combined action of these two bone cells
osteoclasts
| osteoblasts
83
true or false:
| Mechanical stress, such as physical activity, weakens bone
false
84
4 stages of fracture healing
1. Fracture tears and destroys blood vessels
2. Fracture hematoma
3. Vascular damage initiates repair sequence
4. Callus formation
85
special repair tissue that binds the broken ends of the fracture together
Callus
86
blood clot occurring immediately after the fracture, which is then resorbed and replaced by callus
Fracture hematoma
87
Limited blood supply is characteristic of avascular connective tissue found in:
cartilage
88
This connective tissue has the flexibility of firm plastic
cartilage
89
fibrous covering of the cartilage
Perichondrium
90
3 types of cartilage
1. hyaline
2. elastic
3. fibrocartilage
91
most common type of cartilage is:
hyaline
92
this type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones
hyaline
93
this type of cartilage forms external ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tubes
Elastic cartilage
94
This type of cartilage occurs in pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks
Fibrocartilage
95
ability to sustain great weight or serve as a shock absorber are 2 functions of:
cartilage
96
Skeleton fully ossified by:
mid-twenties
97
Name the two major types of connective tissue found in the skeletal system:
Bone and cartilage.
98
Name the two different types of bone tissue
Compact and cancellous (spongy) bone.
99
List the 6 structural components of a typical bone that are visible to the naked eye
1. diaphysis
2. epiphysis
3. articular cartilage
4. periosteum
5. medullary cavity
6. endosteum
100
identify 2 principal chemical components of the bone matrix
1. inorganic salts
| 2. organic matrix
101
what disease is characterized by loss of bone mineral density
Osteoporosis.
102
identify the 4 structures that form the osteon
1. lamellae
2. lacunae
3. canaliculi
4. haversian canals.
103
name the canals that connect blood vessels between adjacent, parallel osteons
Volkmann canals.
104
name the tiny branches of hard bone present in cancellous bone
Trabeculae.
105
name the 3 major types of bone cells
1. osteoblasts
2. osteoclasts
3. osteocytes
106
name the 2 types of bone marrow
1. red marrow
| 2. yellow marrow
107
what are the 5 functions of bone
1. support
2. protection
3. movement
4. mineral storage
5. hematopoiesis
108
identify 2 types of bone formation
1. intramembranous ossification.
| 2. endochondral ossification.
109
name 3 major types of cartilage
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
110
identify the primary type of cartilage cell
Chondrocyte.
111
list the 2 mechanisms of cartilage growth
Interstitial and appositional growth
112
Spongy bone is characterized by:
A. open space partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures.
B. a dense and solid appearance.
C. a soft and flexible gel-like appearance.
D. a dense and compact substance.
A. open space partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures.
113
```
Which of the following is not a type of bone?
A. Flat
B. Irregular
C. Short
D. Long
E. Regular
```
E. Regular
114
```
The main shaft-like portion of a long bone is the:
A. epiphysis.
B. articular cartilage.
C. periosteum
D. diaphysis.
```
D. diaphysis.
115
```
The dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces is the:
A. epiphysis.
B. articular cartilage.
C. periosteum.
D. diaphysis.
```
C. periosteum.
116
```
The extracellular components of bone matrix are:
A. soft and calcified.
B. soft and decalcified.
C. hard and calcified.
D. hard and decalcified.
```
C. hard and calcified.
117
```
In age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of bone mineral density and increased bone fragility is:
A. neoplasms.
B. Paget's disease.
C. osteoporosis.
D. osteomalacia.
```
C. osteoporosis.
118
```
Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called:
A. lamellae.
B. lacunae.
C. canaliculi.
D. osteons.
```
D. osteons.
119
```
Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are:
A. osteoclasts.
B. osteons.
C. osteoblasts.
D. osteocytes.
```
C. osteoblasts.
120
```
Bone marrow is a specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue called:
A. myeloid tissue.
B. hyaline cartilage.
C. elastic cartilage.
D. fibrocartilage.
```
A. myeloid tissue.
121
```
The following are functions of bone except:
A. support.
B. protection.
C. mineral storage.
D. hematopoiesis.
E. all are functions of bone.
```
E. all are functions of bone.
122
```
Blood calcium levels involve secretion of these two hormones:
A. parathyroid and adrenaline.
B. parathyroid and calcitonin.
C. calcitonin and adrenaline.
D. calcitonin and aldosterone.
```
B. parathyroid and calcitonin.
123
```
Most bones of the body are formed from cartilage models in a process called:
A. intramembranous ossification.
B. osteogenesis.
C. histogenesis.
D. endochondral ossification.
```
D. endochondral ossification.
124
Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when:
A. complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix.
B. complex calcium salts are removed.
C. calcium is replaced by phosphorus.
D. calcium is replaced by myeloid tissue.
A. complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix.
125
```
Until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of the cartilage, known as the _____, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
A. ossification plate
B. proliferating zone
C. zone of hypertrophy
D. epiphyseal plate
```
D. epiphyseal plate
126
```
Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types?
A. Osteoblasts and osteocytes
B. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
C. Osteoclasts and osteocytes
D. Osteocytes and osteons
```
B. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
127
```
Cartilage is classified as _____ tissue.
A. epithelial
B. muscle
C. nerve
D. connective
```
D. connective
128
```
The most common type of cartilage is:
A. elastic.
B. hyaline.
C. fibrocartilage.
D. chondrocytes.
```
B. hyaline.
129
```
_____ fibers are present in all three types of cartilage, but they are most numerous in fibrocartilage.
A. Collagenous
B. Microtubules
C. Perichondrium
D. Elastin
```
A. Collagenous
130
```
Fibrocartilage can be found in the:
A. articular surfaces.
B. middle ear.
C. nasal cavity.
D. symphysis pubis.
```
D. symphysis pubis.
131
```
Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete:
A. additional calcium.
B. additional matrix.
C. less calcium.
D. less matrix.
```
B. additional matrix.
